Phase difference plate comprising polymer film containing compound having rod-shaped molecular structure

ABSTRACT

A phase difference plate which comprises one sheet of polymer film containing a compound having a rod-shaped molecular structure and exhibiting a maximum absorption wavelength (λmax) of less than 250 nm in an ultraviolet spectrum of its solution and which exhibits a retardation value as measured at a wavelength of 450 nm (Re450) of 60 to 135 nm and a retardation value as measured at a wavelength of 590 nm (Re590) of 100 to 170 nm, where the relationship: Re590-Re450&gt;2 nm is satisfied. The phase difference plate functions as a λ/4 plate.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 10/471,560filed Sep. 12, 2003, the contents of which are incorporated herein byreference, which was the National Stage of International Application No.PCT/JP02/0241 1 filed Mar. 14, 2002.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to a phase retarder (phase differenceplate) which consists of a polymer film containing a rod-like compoundand which functions as a λ/4 plate.

The invention also relates to a phase retarder serving as a λ/2 plate, acircularly polarizing plate comprising the λ/4 plate, a liquid crystaldisplay of reflection type comprising the circularly polarizing plate, atouch panel comprising the λ/4 plate, and a liquid crystal display ofreflection type comprising the touch panel.

Further, the invention relates to a cellulose ester film containing therod-like compound.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

A λ/4 plate and a λ/2 plate have many uses in relation toanti-reflection films and liquid crystal displays, and hence have beenwidely and practically used. However, in spite of the name of λ/4 orλ/2, most λ/4 or λ/2 plates give λ/4 or λ/2 at particular wavelengths,respectively.

Japanese Patent Provisional Publication Nos. 5(1993)-27118 and5(1993)-27119 disclose a phase-retarder in which a birefringencial filmgiving high retardation and another birefringencial film giving lowretardation are laminated so that their optical axes may beperpendicularly crossed. If the retardation difference of those films iskept λ/4 in the whole visible wavelength region, the phase-retardertheoretically gives λ/4 in the whole visible wavelength region.

Japanese Patent Provisional Publication No. 10(1998)-68816 discloses aλ/4 plate giving λ/4 in a wide wavelength region. The disclosed λ/4plate comprises laminated two films made of the same polymer, and one ofthe films gives λ/4 and the other gives λ/2 at the same wavelength.

Japanese Patent Provisional Publication No. 10(1998)-90521 alsodescribes another wide-ranging λ/4 plate comprising laminated twopolymer films.

As the polymer films used in the above λ/4 plates, stretched films ofsynthetic polymer such as polycarbonate are used.

Japanese Patent Provisional Publication No. 2000-137116 discloses stillanother λ/4 plate comprising a stretched cellulose ester film for givingλ/4 in a wide wavelength region.

International Patent WO00/65384 discloses yet another λ/4 platecomprising a cellulose ester film in which an aromatic compound(retardation-increasing agent) is incorporated so as to give λ/4 in awide wavelength region.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

In the case where a cellulose ester film is stretched to obtain an aimedoptical character (e.g., λ/4), it is sometimes necessary to stretch thefilm almost to be torn up.

On the other hand, if the retardation-increasing agent is used, theresultant film is liable to give a retardation value deviating from theaimed value in a short wavelength region.

It is an object of the present invention to improve a phase retarder sothat it can give λ/4 or λ/2 in a wide wavelength region.

It is another object of the invention to obtain circularly polarizedlight in a wide wavelength region.

It is a further object of the invention to improve qualities of an imagedisplayed on a touch panel.

It is a furthermore object of the invention to improve qualities of animage displayed on a liquid crystal display of reflection typecomprising a circularly polarizing plate or a touch panel.

It is still further object of the invention to improve durability of acellulose ester film used in a phase retarder.

The present invention provides a phase retarder consisting of a singlepolymer film which contains a rod-like compound exhibiting a maximumabsorption wavelength (λmax) of shorter than 250 nm in an ultravioletabsorption spectrum of its solution and which has retardation valuesRe450 and Re590 measured at 450 nm and 590 nm in the ranges of 60 to 135nm and 100 to 170 nm, respectively; said Re450 and Re590 satisfying thecondition of Re590-Re450≧2 nm.

The invention also provides a phase retarder consisting of a singlepolymer film which contains a rod-like compound exhibiting a maximumabsorption wavelength (λmax) of shorter than 250 nm in an ultravioletabsorption spectrum of its solution and which has retardation valuesRe450 and Re590 measured at 450 nm and 590 nm in the ranges of 120 to270 nm and 200 to 340 nm, respectively; said Re450 and Re590 satisfyingthe condition of Re590-Re450≧2 nm.

The invention further provides a circularly polarizing plate comprisinga phase retarder and a polarizing membrane laminated thereon so that thepolarizing axis of the polarizing membrane is placed essentially at theangle of 45° to the slow axis in the plane of the retarder; said phaseretarder consisting of a single polymer film which contains a rod-likecompound exhibiting a maximum absorption peak at a wavelength (λmax)shorter than 250 nm in an ultraviolet absorption spectrum of itssolution and which has retardation values Re450 and Re590 measured at450 nm and 590 nm in the ranges of 60 to 135 nm and 100 to 170 nm,respectively; said Re450 and Re590 satisfying the condition ofRe590-Re450≧2 nm.

The invention furthermore provides a touch panel comprising face-to-faceplaced two transparent electrically conductive substrates each of whichhas a transparent electrically conductive membrane on at least onesurface, said substrates being placed so that their conductive membranesmay face to each other, at least one of said substrates being a λ/4plate or being laminated on a λ/4 plate, said λ/4 plate consisting of asingle polymer film which contains a rod-like compound exhibiting amaximum absorption peak at a wavelength (λmax) shorter than 250 nm in anultraviolet absorption spectrum of its solution and which hasretardation values Re450 and Re590 measured at 450 nm and 590 nm in theranges of 60 to 135 nm and 100 to 170 nm, respectively; and said Re450and Re590 satisfying the condition of Re590-Re450≧2 nm.

The invention still further provides a cellulose ester film containing acompound represented by the following formula (II):Ar¹-L²-X-L³-Ar²   (II)[in which each of Ar¹ and Ar² is independently an aromatic group; eachof L² and L³ is independently a divalent linking group selected from thegroup consisting of an alkylene group, —O—, —CO— and combinationsthereof; and X is 1,4-cyclohexylene, vinylene or ethynylene].

The inventors have studied and found that the retardation of the polymerfilm in a short wavelength region can be properly controlled by adding aretardation-increasing agent of a rod-like compound exhibiting a maximumabsorption peak at a wavelength (λmax) shorter than 250 nm in anultraviolet absorption spectrum of its solution. As a result, theinventors have succeeded in providing a durable phase retarderconsisting a single polymer film giving λ/4 or λ/2 in a wide wavelengthregion.

The λ/4 plate comprising a single polymer film is particularlypreferably used in a circularly polarizing plate, a touch panel, and aliquid crystal display of reflection type comprising a circularlypolarizing plate or a touch panel.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 schematically shows a basic structure of liquid crystal displayof reflection type comprising a circularly polarizing plate.

FIG. 2 schematically shows a basic structure of liquid crystal displayof reflection type equipped with a touch panel.

FIG. 3 schematically shows another basic structure of liquid crystaldisplay of reflection type equipped with a touch panel.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION

(Retardation of Polymer Film)

In the case where the polymer film is used as a λ/4 plate, theretardation value measured at 450 nm (Re450) is in the range of 60 to135 nm and that measured at 590 nm (Re590) is in the range of 100 to 170nm. The Re450 and the Re590 satisfy the condition of Re590-Re450≧2 nm,preferably Re590-Re450≧5 nm, more preferably Re590-Re450≧10 nm.Preferably, the polymer film has a retardation value measured at 450 nm(Re450) in the range of 108 to 120 nm, another retardation valuemeasured at 550 nm (Re550) in the range of 125 to 142 nm, and yetanother retardation value measured at 590 nm (Re590) in the range of 130to 152 nm. They preferably satisfy the condition of Re590-Re550 a 2 nm,more preferably Re590-Re550≧5 nm, most preferably Re590-Re550≧10 nm. Itis also preferred to satisfy the condition of Re550-Re450≧10 nm.

In the case where the polymer film is used as a λ/2 plate, theretardation value measured at 450 nm (Re450) is in the range of 120 to270 nm and that measured at 590 nm (Re590) is in the range of 200 to 340nm. The Re450 and the Re590 satisfy the condition of Re590-Re450≧4 nm,preferably Re590-Re450≧10 nm, more preferably Re590-Re450≧20 nm.Preferably, the polymer film has a retardation value measured at 450 nm(Re450) in the range of 216 to 240 nm, another retardation valuemeasured at 550 nm (Re550) in the range of 250 to 284 nm, and yetanother retardation value measured at 590 nm (Re590) in the range of 260to 304 nm. They preferably satisfy the condition of Re590-Re550≧4 nm,more preferably Re590-Re550≧10 nm, most preferably Re590-Re550≧20 nm. Itis also preferred to satisfy the condition of Re550-Re450≧20 nm.

The retardation value (Re) is defined by the formula:Re=(nx−ny)×din which nx is a refractive index along the slow axis (maximumrefractive index) in the plane of the retarder; ny is a refractive indexin the direction perpendicular to the slow axis in the plane of theretarder; and d is the thickness of the retarder in terms of nm.

The polymer film used the invention is a single film satisfying thecondition of:1≦(nx−nz)/(nx−ny)≦2in which nx is a refractive index along the slow axis in the plane ofthe retarder, ny is a refractive index in the direction perpendicular tothe slow axis in the plane of the retarder, and nz is a refractive indexalong the thickness of the retarder.

The polymer film having the aforementioned optical characters can beprepared from the following materials in the manner described below.

(Polymer for Film)

The polymer film is preferably made of a polymer having alight-transmittance of 80% or more. Examples of the polymer includecellulose esters (e.g., cellulose acetate, cellulose diacetate),norbornene-based polymers, and polymethylmethacrylate. Commerciallyavailable polymers such as Artone and Zeonex (norbornene-based polymers)may be used. Cellulose esters are preferred, and cellulose esters oflower fatty acids are more preferred. Here, the term “lower fatty acids”means fatty acids having 6 or less carbon atoms. The number of carbonatoms is preferably 2 (cellulose acetate), 3 (cellulose propionate) or 4(cellulose butyrate). Cellulose acetate is particularly preferred.Cellulose esters of mixed fatty acids such as celluloseacetatepropionate and cellulose acetate butyrate are also usable.

In addition, polymers that are originally liable to show birefringence(e.g., polycarbonate, polysulfone) can be used if they are modified soas not to show the birefringence in the manner described in WO00/26705.

As the polymer for the film, preferred is a cellulose acetate having anacetic acid content in the range of 55.0 to 62.5%, more preferably inthe range of 57.0 to 62.0%.

The term “acetic acid content” means the amount of combined acetic acidper one unit weight of cellulose. The acetic acid content can bedetermined according to ASTM: D-817-91 (tests of cellulose acetate).

The cellulose ester has a viscosity average polymerization degree (DP)of preferably 250 or more, more preferably 290 or more.

Further, it is also preferred for the cellulose ester used in theinvention to have a narrow molecular weight distribution of Mw/Mn (Mwand Mn are weight and number average molecular weights, respectively),which is determined by gel permeation chromatography. The value of Mw/Mnis preferably in the range of 1.0 to 1.7, more preferably in the rangeof 1.3 to 1.65, most preferably in the range of 1.4 to 1.6.

Generally in a cellulose ester, hydroxyl groups at 2-, 3- and 6-positionof cellulose unit are not equally substituted (namely, the substitutiondegree at each position is not equal to one third of the totalsubstitution degree), and the substitution degree at 6-position is aptto be relatively small. In the cellulose ester used in the invention,however, the substitution degree at 6-position is preferably not smallerthan those at 2- and 3-positions.

The hydroxyl group at 6-position is substituted in an amount ofpreferably 30% to 40%, more preferably 31% or more, most preferably 32%or more, based on the total substitution degree at 2-, 3- and6-positions. Further, the substitution degree at 6-position ispreferably 0.88 or more.

The hydroxyl group at 6-position may be replaced with acyl group otherthan acetyl. Examples of the other acyl group are acyl groups having 3or more carbon atoms (e.g., propionyl, butyloyl, valeroyl, benzoyl,acryloyl). The substitution degree at each position can be measured bymeans of NMR.

The cellulose ester having a high substitution degree at 6-position canbe prepared according to the methods described in Japanese PatentProvisional Publication No. 11(1999)-5851 (Synthesis example 1 inparagraph numbers 0043 to 0044, Synthesis example 2 in paragraph numbers0048 to 0049, and Synthesis example 3 in paragraph numbers 0051 to0052).

(Retardation-Increasing Agent)

In the invention, a rod-like compound exhibiting a maximum absorptionpeak at a wavelength (λmax) shorter than 250 nm in an ultravioletabsorption spectrum of its solution is used as a retardation-increasingagent.

The rod-like compound has preferably at least one aromatic ring, morepreferably at least two aromatic rings in its molecular structure, inconsideration of the retardation-increasing function.

Further, the rod-like compound preferably has a linear molecularstructure. In other words, it is preferred for the molecule of thecompound to be thermally the most stable when it takes a linear posture.What molecular structure is thermally the most stable can be calculatedaccording to the crystal structure analysis or the molecular orbitalmethod. For example, the molecular structure giving the smallest heat offormation can be obtained by calculation according to a molecularorbital calculation program (e.g., WinMOPAC200, Fujitsu Ltd.). The term“linear molecular structure” means that the thermo-dynamically moststable molecular structure calculated above has a bending angle of 1400or more even if it is bent.

The rod-like compound preferably behaves as liquid crystal. It is morepreferred to behave as liquid crystal when heated (namely, thermotropicliquid crystal). The liquid crystal phase is preferably nematic phase orsmectic phase.

The rod-like compound is preferably represented by the following formula(I):Ar¹-L¹-Ar²   (I)

In the formula (I), each of Ar¹ and Ar² is independently an aromaticgroup.

The term “an aromatic group” in the specification means an aryl(aromatic hydrocarbon) group, a substituted aryl group, an aromaticheterocyclic group or a substituted aromatic heterocyclic group.

An aryl group and a substituted aryl group are preferred to an aromaticheterocyclic group and a substituted aromatic heterocyclic group. Theheterocyclic ring in the aromatic heterocyclic ring is generallyunsaturated. The aromatic heterocyclic group preferably comprises afive-, six- or seven- (more preferably five- or six-) membered ring. Thearomatic heterocyclic ring generally has double bonds as many aspossible. The hetero-atom in the heterocyclic group is preferablynitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom, more preferably nitrogen or sulfuratom. Examples of the aromatic heterocyclic ring include furan ring,thiophene ring, pyrrole ring, oxazole ring, isoxazole ring, thiazolering, isothiazole ring, imidazole ring, pyrazole ring, furazane ring,triazole ring, pyran ring, pyridine ring, pyridazine ring, pyrimidinering, pyrazine ring and 1,3,5-triazine ring.

Examples of the aromatic ring in the aromatic group include benzenering, furan ring, thiophene ring, pyrrole ring, oxazole ring, thiazolering, imidazole ring, triazole ring, pyridine ring, pyrimidine ring andpyrazine ring. Benzene ring is particularly preferred.

Examples of the substituent group of the substituted aryl or substitutedaromatic heterocyclic group include a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I),hydroxyl, carboxyl, cyano, amino, an alkylamino group (e.g.,methylamino, ethylamino, butylamino, dimethylamino), nitro, sulfo,carbamoyl, an alkylcarbamoyl group (e.g., N-methylcarbamoyl,N-ethylcarbamoyl, N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl), sulfamoyl, an alkylsulfamoylgroup (e.g., N-methylsulfamoyl, N-ethylsulfamoyl,N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl), ureido, an alkylureido group (e.g.,N-methylureido, N,N-dimethylureido, N,N,N′-trimethylureido), an alkylgroup (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, octyl,isopropyl, s-butyl, t-amyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl), an alkenyl group(e.g., vinyl, allyl, hexenyl), an alkynyl group (e.g., ethynyl,butynyl), an acyl group (e.g., formyl, acetyl, butyryl, hexanoyl,lauryl), an acyloxy group (e.g., acetoxy, butyryloxy, hexanoyloxy,lauryloxy), an alkoxy group (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy,pentyloxy, heptyloxy, oxtyloxy), an aryloxy group (e.g., phenoxy), analkoxycarbonyl group (e.g., methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl,propoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl, pentyloxycarbonyl, heptyloxycarbonyl),an aryloxycarbonyl group (e.g., phenoxycarbonyl), an alkoxycarbonylaminogroup (e.g., butoxycarbonylamino, hexyloxycarbonylamino), an alkylthiogroup (e.g., methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, butylthio, pentylthio,heptylthio, octylthio), an arylthio group (e.g., phenylthio), analkylsulfonyl group (e.g., methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl,propylsulfonyl, butylsulfonyl, pentyl-sulfonyl, heptylsulfonyl,octylsulfonyl), an amido group (e.g., acetamido, butylamido, hexylamido,laurylamido), and a non-aromatic heterocyclic group (e.g., morpholino,pyrazinyl).

Preferred substituent groups of the substituted aryl or substitutedaromatic heterocyclic group are a halogen atom, cyano, carboxyl,hydroxyl, amino, an alkyl-substituted amino group, an acyl group, anacyloxy group, an amido group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an alkoxy group,an alkylthio group and an alkyl group.

The alkyl-group and the alkyl moiety of the alkylamino group, thealkoxycarbonyl group, the alkoxy group or the alkylthio group mayfurther have a substituent group. Examples of the substituent group ofthe alkyl group or moiety include a halogen atom, hydroxyl, carboxyl,cyano, amino, an alkylamino group, nitro, sulfo, carbamoyl, analkylcarbamoyl group, sulfamoyl, an alkylsulfamoyl group, ureido, analkylureido group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an acyl group, anacyloxy group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, an alkoxycarbonylgroup, an aryloxycarbonyl group, an alkoxycarbonylamino group, analkylthio group, an arylthio group, an alkylsulfonyl group, an amidogroup, and a non-aromatic heterocyclic group. Preferred substituentgroups of the alkyl group or moiety are a halogen atom, hydroxyl, amino,an alkylamino group, an acyl group, an acyloxy group, an acylaminogroup, an alkoxycarbonyl group, and an alkoxy group.

In the formula (I), L¹ is a divalent linking group selected from thegroup consisting of an alkylene group, an alkenylene group, analkynylene group, a divalent saturated heterocyclic group, —O—, —CO— andcombinations thereof.

The alkylene group may have a cyclic structure. As the cyclic alkylenegroup, cyclohexylene is preferred and 1,4-cyclohexylene is particularlypreferred. If the alkylene group has a chain structure, a straight chainstructure is preferred to a branched one.

The alkylene group has preferably 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably1 to 15 carbon atoms, further preferably 1 to 10 carbon atoms,furthermore preferably 1 to 8 carbon atoms, most preferably 1 to 6carbon atoms.

The alkenylene group or the alkynylene group preferably has a chainstructure, more preferably a straight chain structure.

The alkenylene group or the alkynylene group has preferably 2 to 10carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 8 carbon atoms, further preferably 2to 6 carbon atoms, furthermore preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms, mostpreferably 2 carbon atoms (namely, the alkenylene group or thealkynylene group is most preferably vinylene or ethynylene,respectively).

The divalent saturated heterocyclic group preferably has a 3- to9-membered heterocyclic ring. The hetero-atom in the heterocyclic groupis preferably oxygen, nitrogen, boron, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus orgermanium atom. Examples of the saturated heterocyclic ring includepiperidine ring, piperadine ring, morphorine ring, pyrrolidine ring,imidazoline ring, tetrahydrofuran ring, tetrahydropyran ring,1,3-dioxane ring, 1,4-dioxane ring, tetrahydrothiophene ring,1,3-thiazolidine ring, 1,3-oxazolidine ring, 1,3-dioxolan ring,1,3-dithiolan ring and 1,3,2-dioxaborane. Particularly preferreddivalent saturated heterocyclic groups are piperadine-1,4-diylene,1,3-dioxane-2,5-diylene and 1,3,2- dioxaborane-2,5-diylene.

Examples of the combined divalent linking group are shown below.

-   L-1: —O—CO-alkylene-CO—O—-   L-2: —CO—O-alkylene-O—CO—-   L-3: —O—CO-alkenylene-CO—O—-   L-4: —CO—O-alkenylene-O—CO—-   L-5: —O—CO-alkynylene-CO—O—-   L-6: —CO—O-alkynylene-O—CO—-   L-7: —O—CO-divalent saturated heterocyclic group-CO—O—-   L-8: —CO—O-divalent saturated heterocyclic group-O—CO—

In the molecular structure represented by the formula (I), the anglebetween Ar¹-L¹ and L¹-Ar² is 140° or more.

The rod-like compound is more preferably represented by the followingformula (II):Ar¹-L²-X-L³-Ar².   (II)

In the formula (II), each of Ar¹ and Ar2 is independently an aromaticgroup. The definition and examples of the aromatic group are the same asthose of Ar¹ and Ar² in the formula (I).

In the formula (II), each of L² and L³ is independently a divalentlinking group selected from the group consisting of an alkylene group,—O—, —CO— and combinations thereof.

The alkylene group preferably has a chain structure, and a straightchain structure is preferred to a branched one.

The alkylene group has preferably 1 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably1 to 8 carbon atoms, further preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms, furthermorepreferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms, most preferably 1 to 2 carbon atoms(namely, the alkylene group is most preferably methylene or ethylene).

Each of L² and L³ is particularly preferably —O—CO— or —CO—O—.

In the formula (II), X is 1,4-cyclohexylene, vinylene or ethynylene.

Examples of the compound represented by the formula (I) are as follows.

Each of the above (1) to (34), (41), (42), (46), (47), (52) and (53) hastwo asymmetric carbons at the 1- and 4-positions of cyclohexane ring. Inspite of that, each compound of (1), (4) to (34), (41), (42), (46),(47), (52) and (53) has a symmetrical meso type-molecular structure, andhence has no optical isomer (optical activity) but geometrical isomers(trans and cis-forms). The trans-form (1-trans) and cis-form (1-cis) ofthe above compound (1) are shown below.

As described above, the rod-like compound preferably has a linermolecular structure. Accordingly, the trans-form is preferred to thecis-form.

Each of the above compounds (2) and (3) has not only geometrical isomersbut also optical isomers (four isomers in total). With respect to thegeometrical isomers, the trans-form is preferred to the cis-form.However, in view of the function, there is little difference among theoptical isomers, and hence either D- or L-body may be used. Further, itmay be racemate.

Each compound of (43) to (45) has trans- and cis-forms in connectionwith a vinylene bond at the central position. For the above-describedreason, the trans-form is preferred to the cis-form.

Each compound of (10), (23), (29) and (41) in the trans-form exhibitsthe maximum absorption peak at the following wavelength (λmax) in theultraviolet absorption spectrum of its solution.

10-trans: 220 nm,

23-trans: 230 nm,

29-trans: 240 nm, and

41-trans: 230 nm.

Two or more of the rod-like compounds, each of which gives the maximumabsorption peak at a wavelength (λmax) shorter than 250 nm in itsultraviolet absorption spectrum in the form of solution, may be used incombination.

The rod-like compound can be prepared according to the methods describedin, for example, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 53(1979), pp. 229; ibid.,89(1982), pp. 93; ibid., 145(1987), pp. 111; ibid., 170(1989), pp. 43;J. Am. Chem. Soc., 113(1991), pp. 1349; ibid., 118(1996), pp. 5346;ibid., 92(1970), pp. 1582; J. Org. Chem., 40(1975), pp. 420; andTetrahedron, 48(1992), No. 16, pp. 3437.

The retardation-increasing agent is incorporated in an amount ofpreferably 0.1 to 30 wt. %, more preferably 0.5 to 20 wt. %, based onthe amount of the polymer.

(Preparation of Polymer Film)

The polymer film is preferably prepared according to the solvent castmethod. In the solvent cast method, a solution (dope) in which thepolymer is dissolved in an organic solvent is used.

Examples of the organic solvent include an ether having 3 to 12 carbonatoms, a ketone having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, an ester having 3 to 12carbon atoms, and a halogenated hydrocarbon having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

The ether, the ketone or the ester may have a cyclic structure. Acompound having two or more functional groups of ether, ketone or ester(—O—, —CO— or —COO—) is also usable as the solvent. The organic solventmay have other functional groups such as alcoholic hydroxyl. If thesolvent is a compound having two or more functional groups, the numberof carbon atoms is in any of the above ranges.

Examples of the ether having 3 to 12 carbon atoms include diisopropylether, dimethoxymethane, dimethoxy-ethane, 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxolan,tetrahydrofuran, anisole and phenetole.

Examples of the ketone having 3 to 12 carbon atoms include acetone,methylethyl ketone, diethyl ketone, diisobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone andmethylcyclohexane.

Examples of the ester having 3 to 12 carbon atoms include ethyl formate,propyl formate, pentyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, andpentyl acetate.

Examples of the compound having two or more functional groups include2-ethoxyethyl acetate, 2-methoxyethanol and 2-butoxyethanol.

A typical example of the halogenated hydrocarbon having 1 to 6 carbonatoms is methylene chloride. From the technical viewpoint, thehalogenated hydrocarbon such as methylene chloride can be used withoutany problem. However, in consideration of the global environment andworking conditions, the organic solvent preferably contains essentiallyno halogenated hydrocarbon. This means the organic solvent preferablycontains halogenated hydrocarbon in an amount of less than 5 wt. % (morepreferably less than 2 wt. %). Also preferably, halogenated hydrocarbonsuch as methylene chloride is not found in the resultant film at all.

Two or more of the organic solvents may be mixed to use. In that case, aparticularly preferred solvent is a mixture of three different solventsin which the first solvent is a ketone having 3 or 4 carbon atoms, anester having 3 or 4 carbon atoms or a mixture thereof, the secondsolvent is a ketone or acetoacetic ester having 5 to 7 carbon atoms, andthe third solvent is an alcohol having a boiling point of 30 to 170° C.or a hydrocarbon having a boiling point of 30 to 170° C. Preferredexamples of the first solvent include acetone, methyl acetate, methylformate and ethyl formate. Preferred examples of the second solventinclude cyclo-pentanone, cyclohexanone and methyl acetylacetate.

The third solvent is an alcohol having a boiling point of 30 to 170° C.or a hydrocarbon having a boiling point of 30 to 170° C. The alcohol ispreferably a monohydric alcohol. The hydrocarbon moiety of the alcoholmay have a straight chain structure, a branched structure or a cyclicstructure, and is preferably a saturated aliphatic hydro-carbon. Thehydroxyl of the alcohol may be primary, secondary or tertiary. Examplesof the alcohol include methanol (b.p.: 64.65° C.), ethanol (78.325° C.),1-propanol (97.14° C.), 2-propanol (82.4° C.), 1-butanol (117.9° C.),2-butanol (99.5° C.), t-butanol (82.45° C.), 1-pentanol (137.5° C.),2-methyl-2-butanol (101.9° C.), cyclohexanol (161° C.), 2-fluoroethanol(103° C.), 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (80° C.),2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propanol (109° C.), 1,3-difluoro-2-propanol (55°C.), 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexa-2-methyl-2-propanol (62° C.),1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (59° C.),2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propanol (80° C.),2,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butanol (114° C.),2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butanol (97° C.), perfluoro-tert-butanol(45° C.), 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentanol (142° C.),2,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1,5-pentanediol (111.5° C.),3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluoro-1-octanol (95° C.),2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-pentadecafluoro-1-octanol (165° C.),1-(pentafluorophenyl)ethanol (82° C.) and 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzylalcohol (115° C.). Two or more of the alcohols are preferably mixed andused in combination.

The hydrocarbon may have a straight chain structure, a branchedstructure or a cyclic structure. Either an aromatic hydrocarbon or analiphatic one can be used. The aliphatic hydrocarbon may be unsaturated.Examples of the hydrocarbon include cyclohexane (b.p.: 80.7° C.), hexane(69° C.), benzene (80.1° C.), toluene (110.1° C.) and xylene (138.4° C.to 144.4° C.).

In the mixed solvent, the first solvent is contained preferably in anamount of 30 to 95 wt. %, more preferably in an amount of 40 to 90 wt.%, most preferably in an amount of 50 to 90 wt. %. Each of the secondand third solvents is contained preferably in an amount of 1 to 40 wt.%, more preferably in an amount of 3 to 30 wt. %.

Preferred examples of the combination of the polymers and the solventsinclude polymer/methyl acetate/cyclohexanone/methanol/ethanol(X/(70-X)/20/5/5, by weight), polymer/methyl acetate/methyl ethylketone/acetone/methanol/ethanol (X/(50-X)/20/20/5/5, by weight),polymer/acetone/methyl acetoacetate/ethanol (X/(75-X)/20/5/5, byweight), polymer/methyl acetate/cyclopentanone/methanol/ethanol(X/(80-X)/10/5/5, by weight), polymer/methylacetate/1,3-di-oxolan/methanol/ethanol (X/(70-X)/20/5/5, by weight),polymer/methyl acetate/dioxane/acetone/methanol/ethanol(X/(60-X)/20/10/5/5, by weight), andpolymer/1,3-di-oxolan/cyclohexanone/methyl ethyl ketone/methanol/ethanol(X/(55-X)/20/10/5/5/5, by weight). In the above, X represents the amountof the polymer in terms of weight part, and is preferably in the rangeof 10 to 25, more preferably in the range of 15 to 23.

When the polymer is dissolved in the solvent in a container, thecontainer may be filled with inert gas (such as nitrogen gas). Theprepared polymer solution (dope) must be viscous enough to form a filmwhen cast on a support. The viscosity of the dope immediately beforecasting is normally in the range of 10 to 2,000 ps·s, preferably in therange of 30 to 400 ps·s.

The polymer solution (dope) can be prepared according to an ordinarymethod. The ordinary method means that the solution is prepared at atemperature of not lower than 0° C. (room temperature or elevatedtemperature). The polymer solution (dope) can be prepared through acommon process by means of a common apparatus in the normal solvent castmethod. In the normal process, a halogenated hydrocarbon (particularly,methylene chloride) is preferably used as the solvent.

The amount of the polymer in the solution is preferably in the range of10 to 40 wt. %, more preferably in the range of 10 to 30 wt. %. To theorganic (main) solvent, additives described below may be optionallyadded.

The polymer and the organic solvent are mixed and stirred at roomtemperature (0 to 40° C.) to prepare the solution. For preparing theconcentrated solution, the preparation may be carried out at an elevatedtemperature under a high pressure. In that case, the polymer and theorganic solvent are placed in a vessel resisting pressure. After thevessel is sealed, the mixture is stirred under an increased pressure atan elevated temperature. The temperature is controlled so that it may behigher than the boiling point of the solvent at atmospheric pressure butso that the solvent may not boil. The temperature is normally in therange of 40° C. or more, preferably in the range of 60 to 200° C., morepreferably in the range of 80 to 110° C.

The components can be preliminary dispersed coarsely, and the coarsedispersion can be placed in the vessel. Otherwise, the components canalso be introduced into the vessel in series. The vessel should beequipped with a stirring device. A pressure in the vessel can be formedby introducing an inert gas (such as nitrogen gas) into the vessel, orby heating and evaporating the solvent to increase the vapor pressure.Further, the components can be added to the vessel at a high pressureafter the vessel is sealed.

The vessel is preferably heated from outside. For example, a jacketheater is preferably used. Otherwise, liquid heated with a plate-heaterplaced outside of the vessel may be circulated through a pipe woundaround the vessel, to heat the whole vessel.

The mixture is preferably stirred with a propeller mixer provided in thevessel. The wing of the propeller preferably has a length reaching theinside wall of the vessel. Further, at the tip of the wing, a scratchingmean is provided to scratch and renew a liquid membrane formed on theinside wall.

In the vessel, various meters (such as pressure gauge and thermometer)may be provided. After the components are dissolved in the solvent inthe vessel, the prepared dope may be cooled and then taken out of thevessel, or may be taken out and then cooled with a heat exchanger.

The solution can be prepared according to the cooling dissolutionmethod, which makes it possible to dissolve the polymer in an organicsolvent in which the polymer cannot be dissolved by a conventionalprocess. Further, according to the method, the polymer can be rapidlyand homogeneously dissolved in an organic solvent in which the polymercan be dissolved by a conventional process.

First in the process of cooling dissolution method, the polymer isgradually added while stirred into an organic solvent at roomtemperature. The amount of the polymer in the mixture is preferably inthe range of 10 to 40 wt. %, more preferably in the range of 10 to 30wt. %. Various additives described below may be added in the mixture.

The prepared mixture is cooled to a temperature of −100 to −10° C.(preferably −80 to −10° C., more preferably −50 to −20° C., mostpreferably −50 to −30° C.). The cooling procedure can be carried out,for example, with dry ice-methanol bath (-75° C) or with cooled ethyleneglycol solution (−30 to −20° C.). Through the cooling procedure, themixture is solidified.

The cooling rate is preferably 4° C./minute or more, more preferably 8°C./minute or more, and most preferably 12° C./minute or more. Thecooling rate is preferably as fast as possible. However, a theoreticalupper limit of the cooling rate is 10,000° C./second, a technical upperlimit is 1,000° C./second, and a practical upper limit is 100°C./second. The cooling rate means the change of temperature at thecooling step per the time taken to complete the cooling step. The changeof temperature means the difference between the temperature at which thecooling step is started and the temperature at which the cooling step iscompleted.

The cooled mixture is then warmed to a temperature of 0 to 200° C.(preferably 0 to 150° C., more preferably 0 to 120° C., most preferably0 to 50° C.). Through the warming procedure, the polymer is dissolved inthe organic solvent. For warming, the mixture may be left at roomtemperature or may be heated in a warm bath.

The warming rate is 4° C./minute or more, more preferably 8° C./minuteor more, and most preferably 12° C./minute or more. The warming rate ispreferably as fast as possible. However, a theoretical upper limit ofthe warming rate is 10,000° C./second, a technical upper limit is 1,000°C./second, and a practical upper limit is 100° C./second. The warmingrate means the change of temperature at the warming step per the timetaken to complete the warming step. The change of temperature means thedifference between the temperature at which the warming step is startedand the temperature at which the warming step is completed.

Thus, a homogeneous solution can be prepared. If the polymer is notsufficiently dissolved, the cooling and warming procedures may berepeated. It can be judged by observation with the eyes whether thepolymer is sufficiently dissolved or not.

In the process of cooling dissolution method, a sealed vessel ispreferably used to prevent contamination of water, which may be causedby dew condensation at the cooling step. Further, the mixture may becooled under an elevated pressure and heated under a reduced pressure sothat the time taken to complete the cooling and heating steps can beshortened, respectively, and hence a vessel resisting pressure ispreferably used to conduct the procedures under elevated and reducedpressures.

According to differential scanning calorimetric measurement (DSC), a 20wt. % solution prepared by dissolving cellulose acetate (acetic acidcontent: 60.9%, viscosity average polymerization degree: 299) in methylacetate through the cooling dissolution process has a pseudo-phasetransition point between gel and sol at approx. 33° C. Below thattemperature, the solution is in the form of homogeneous gel. Thesolution, therefore, must be kept at a temperature above thepseudo-phase transition point, preferably at a temperature higher thanthe pseudo-phase transition point by approx. 10° C. The pseudo-phasetransition point depends upon various conditions such as the organicsolvent, the acetic acid content, the viscosity average polymerizationdegree and the concentration of cellulose acetate.

The polymer film is formed from the prepared polymer solution (dope)according to the solvent cast method.

The dope is cast on a drum or a band, and the solvent is evaporated toform a film. The solid content of the dope is preferably controlled inthe range of 18,to 35%. The surface of the drum or band is preferablybeforehand polished to be a mirror. The casting and drying steps of thesolvent cast method are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,336,310,2,367,603, 2,492,078, 2,492,977, 2,492,978, 2,607,704, 2,739,069,2,739,070, British Patent Nos. 640,731, 736,892, Japanese PatentPublication Nos. 45(1970)-4554, 49(1974)-5614, Japanese PatentProvisional Publication Nos. 60(1985)-176834, 60(1985)-203430 and62(1987)-115035.

The surface temperature of the drum or band is preferably 10° C. orbelow. After cast on the drum or band, the dope is blown with air for 2seconds or more to dry. The formed film is then peeled, and blown withhot air whose temperature is successively changed from 100° C. to 160°C. in order to evaporate remaining solvent. This procedure is describedin Japanese Patent Publication No. 5(1993)-17844. The procedure canshorten the time taken to complete the steps of cooling to peeling. Forperforming the procedure, the cast dope must gel at the surfacetemperature of the drum or band.

Two or more polymer solutions (dopes) may be prepared, and from them twoor more layers may be formed by the solvent cast method to prepare alayered polymer film. The dopes are cast on a drum or a band, and thesolvent is evaporated to form the film. The solid content of each dopeis preferably controlled in the range of 10 to 40%. The surface of thedrum or band is preferably beforehand polished to be a mirror.

In the case where two or more polymer solutions are cooperatively cast,two or more outlets are arranged at intervals along the runningdirection of the support (drum or band), and from each outlet eachpolymer solution is cast to form a layered film (Japanese PatentProvisional Publication Nos. 61(1986)-158414, 1(1989)-122419 and11(1999)-198285). Otherwise, polymer solutions may be cast from twooutlets to form a film (Japanese Patent Publication No. 60(1985)-27562,Japanese Patent Provisional Publication Nos. 61(1986)-94724,61(1986)-947245, 61(1986)-104813, 61(1986)-158413 and 6(1994)-134933).Further, a flow of high-viscous polymer solution may be enclosed with aflow of low-viscous one to form a layered flow, and the high- andlow-viscous solutions in the layered flow may be simultaneously extrudedto produce a film (Japanese Patent Provisional Publication No.56(1981)-162617).

Further, the method disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No.44(1969)-20235 may be adopted. In the disclosed process, a polymersolution is cast on the support from one outlet to form a film. Afterpeeled from the support, the formed film is turned over and again placedon the support. On the thus appearing surface (having been in contactwith the support), another polymer solution is cast from another outletto form a film.

The used polymer solutions may be the same or different from each other.The function of each formed polymer layer can be given by eachcorresponding solution extruded from each outlet.

Other functional layers (e.g., adhesive layer, dye layer, antistaticlayer, anti-halation layer, UV absorbing layer, polarizing layer) can besimultaneously formed together with the polymer layer in the abovemanner.

In a conventional single layer preparation process, it is necessary toextrude a polymer solution having such high concentration and such highviscosity that the resultant film may have the aimed thickness.Accordingly, that polymer solution is often so unstable that solidcontents are deposited to cause troubles and to impair the planeness. Toavoid the problem, plural concentrated polymer solutions aresimultaneously extruded from outlets onto the support. The thus-preparedthick film has excellent planeness. In addition, since the concentratedsolutions are used, the film is so easily dried that the-productivity(particularly, production speed) can be improved.

A plasticizer can be added into the polymer solution to enhancemechanical strength of the resultant film or to shorten the time fordrying. The plasticizer is, for example, a phosphate ester or acarbonate ester. Examples of the phosphate ester used as the plasticizerinclude triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and tricresyl phosphate (TCP). Typicalexamples of the carbonate ester are phthalate esters and citrate esters.Examples of the phthalate esters include dimethyl phthalate (DMP),diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), dioctyl phthalate(DOP), diphenyl phthalate (DPP) and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP).Examples of the citrate esters include triethyl o-acetylcitrate (OACTE)and tributyl o-acetylcitrate (OACTB). Besides the above, butyl oleate,methylacetyl ricinolate, dibutyl sebacate and various trimellitic estersare also usable. The plasticizers of phosphate esters (DMP, DEP, DBP,DOP, DPP, DEHP) are preferred. Particularly preferred are DEP and DPP.

The content of the plasticizer is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 25wt. %, more preferably in the range of 1 to 20 wt. %, most preferably inthe range of 3 to 15 wt. % based on the amount of the polymer.

Further, a deterioration inhibitor (e.g., oxidation inhibitor, peroxidedecomposer, radical inhibitor, metal inactivating agent, oxygenscavenger, amine) may be incorporated in the polymer film. Thedeterioration inhibitor is described in Japanese Patent ProvisionalPublication Nos. 3(1991)-199201, 5(1993)-1907073, 5(1993)-194789,5(1993)-271471 and 6(1994)-107854. The content of the deteriorationinhibitor is preferably in the range of 0.01 to 1 wt. %, more preferablyin the range of 0.01 to 0.2 wt. % based-on the amount of the dope. Ifthe content is less than 0.01 wt. %, the deterioration inhibitor giveslittle effect. If the content is more than 1 wt. %, the inhibitor oftenoozes out (bleeds out) to appear on the surface of the film.Particularly preferred deterioration inhibitors are butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT) and tribenzylamine (TBA).

In order to make the film easily treatable during the productionprocess, a matting layer containing a matting agent and a polymer may beprovided on one or each surface of the film. As the matting agent andthe polymer, materials described in Japanese Patent ProvisionalPublication No. 10(1998)-44327 are preferably used.

The polymer film can be stretched to control the retardation. Thestretching ratio (the ratio of length increased by stretching based onthe original length) is preferably in the range of 3 to 100%, morepreferably in the range of 10 to 80%, most preferably in the range of 15to 60%.

The polymer film has a thickness preferably in the range of 10 to 200μm, more preferably in the range of 20 to 150 μm, most preferably in therange of 30 to 140 μm.

The birefringence of the film measured at 550 nm is preferably in therange of 0.00196 to 0.01375, more preferably in the range of 0.00168 to0.006875, most preferably in the range of 0.00275 to 0.00458.

(Surface Treatment of Polymer Film)

The polymer film is preferably subjected to surface treatment. Examplesof the surface treatment include corona discharge treatment, glowdischarge treatment, flame treatment, acid treatment, alkali treatment,and ultra-violet (UV) treatment.

For ensuring the planeness of the film, the above treatments are carriedout preferably at a temperature not higher than Tg (glass transitiontemperature) of the film.

In the case where the film is used as a protective film of thepolarizing plate, the acid or alkali treatment is preferably carried outin consideration of adhesion between the film and the polarizingmembrane.

In the alkali treatment, the steps of immersing the film surface in analkaline solution, neutralizing with an acidic solution, washing withwater, and drying are preferably circularly carried out.

Examples of the alkaline solution include aqueous solutions of KOH andNaOH. The normality of hydroxyl ion is preferably in the range of 0.1 to3.0 N, more preferably in the range of 0.5 to 2.0 N. The temperature ofthe solution is preferably in the range of room temperature to 90° C.,more preferably in the range of 40 to 70° C.

In order to enhance the adhesion to a layer (e.g., adhesive layer,orientation layer or optically anisotropic layer) provided on thepolymer film, the film may be subjected to surface treatment (e.g., glowdischarge treatment, corona discharge treatment, ultraviolet (UV)treatment, flame treatment). The polymer film preferably contains aultraviolet absorbing agent. Further, as described in Japanese PatentProvisional Publication No. 7(1995)-333433, an undercoating layer(adhesive layer) may be provided on the polymer film. The thickness ofthe undercoating layer is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 2 μm, morepreferably in the range of 0.2 to 1 μm.

(Circularly Polarizing Plate)

A circularly polarizing plate comprises a (linearly) polarizing membraneand a λ/4 plate.

On both sides of the membrane, two transparent protective films aregenerally provided. One of the protective films may be the λ/4 plate(the aforementioned polymer film), and the other may be a normalcellulose acetate film. Both of them may be normal cellulose acetatefilms.

Examples of the polarizing membrane include an iodine polarizingmembrane, a polyene polarizing membrane and a dichromatic dye polarizingmembrane. The iodine polarizing membrane and the dye polarizing membraneare generally prepared from polyvinyl alcohol films.

In the circularly polarizing plate, the λ/4 plate and the polarizingmembrane are placed so that the slow axis of the λ/4 plate may beessentially at 450 to the transmission axis of the membrane.

(Liquid Crystal Display Comprising Circularly Polarizing Plate)

FIG. 1 schematically shows a basic structure of liquid crystal displayof reflection type comprising a circularly polarizing plate.

The liquid crystal display of reflection type shown in FIG. 1 comprisesa lower substrate (1), a reflective electrode (2), a lower orientationlayer (3), a liquid crystal layer (4), an upper orientation layer (5), atransparent electrode (6), an upper substrate (7), a λ/4 plate (8) and apolarizing membrane (9), layered in this order.

A combination of the lower substrate (1) and the reflective electrode(2) constitutes a reflection board. Another combination of the lowersubstrate (1) to the upper substrate (7) constitutes a liquid crystalcell.

The λ/4 plate (8) may be placed at any position between the reflectionboard and the polarizing membrane (9). The λ/4 plate (8) and thepolarizing membrane (9) cooperatively functions as a circularlypolarizing plate.

For displaying a color image, a color filter layer is additionallyprovided. The color filter layer is preferably placed between thereflective electrode (2) and the lower orientation layer (3) or betweenthe upper orientation layer (5) and the transparent electrode (6).

In place of the reflective electrode (2) in FIG. 1, a transparentelectrode may be used in combination with a reflection board. Thereflection board is preferably a metal board. If the reflection boardhas a smooth surface, rays parallel to the normal of the surface areoften predominantly reflected to give a small viewing angle. Therefore,the surface of the reflection board may be made rugged (as described inJapanese Patent No. 275,620). Otherwise, a light-diffusing film may beprovided on one surface (cell side or air side) of the polarizingmembrane.

The liquid crystal cell is preferably TN (twisted nematic) mode, STN(supper twisted nematic) mode, or HAN (hybrid aligned nematic) mode.

The liquid crystal cell of TN mode has a twist angle preferably in therange of 40 to 100°, more preferably in the range of 50 to 90°, mostpreferably in the range of 60 to 80°. The product (Δn·d) of refractiveanisotropy (Δn) and thickness (d) of the liquid crystal layer ispreferably in the range of 0.1 to 0.5 μm, more preferably in the rangeof 0.2 to 0.4 μm.

The liquid crystal cell of STN mode has a twist angle preferably in therange of 180 to 360°, more preferably in the range of 220 to 270°. Theproduct (Δn·d) of refractive anisotropy (Δn) and thickness (d) of theliquid crystal layer is preferably in the range of 0.3 to 1.2 μm, morepreferably in the range of 0.5 to 1.0 μm.

In the liquid crystal cell of HAN mode, it is preferred that liquidcrystal molecules be essentially vertically aligned on one substrate andthat the pre-tilt angle on the other substrate be in the range of 0 to45°. The product (Δn·d) of refractive anisotropy (Δn) and thickness (d)of the liquid crystal layer is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 1.0 μm,more preferably in the range of 0.3 to 0.8 μm. The substrate on whichthe liquid crystal molecules are vertically aligned may be on thereflection board side or on the opposite side (transparent electrodeside).

The liquid crystal display of reflection type may be designed normallywhite mode (in which a bright or dark image is displayed when theapplied voltage is low or high, respectively) or normally black mode (inwhich a dark or bright image is displayed when the applied voltage islow or high, respectively). The normally white mode is preferred.

(Touch Panel)

A touch panel comprises a fixed substrate placed near the display and aflexible substrate facing the fixed one. Each substrate has atransparent electrode on the surface facing the other substrate. Bothsubstrates are preferably made of transparent optical material so as toensure qualities of the displayed image. Examples of the opticalmaterial include glass, amorphous materials, polymers (e.g., poly(ethersulphone), polycarbonate, polyarylate, polyethylene terephthalate,cellulose ester). The λ/4 plate according to the invention can beprovided independently of the touch panel, or may be used as either thefixed substrate or the flexible one. Further, the λ/4 plate of theinvention can be used as each of the fixed and flexible substrates. Itis particularly preferred to use the λ/4 plate as the flexiblesubstrate.

The transparent electrodes on the fixed and flexible substrates areplaced to form a gap between them. Normally in the gap, a layer of airis formed. The gap may be filled with a liquid having a refractive indexclose to that of the transparent electrodes, so as to control opticalcharacters. Further, an undercoating layer or an over-coating layer maybe provided on the substrate side or the opposite side of the electrode,respectively, to reduce reflection of light. The surface of thetransparent electrode may be roughened to keep the surface from stickingand to improve the touching durability. Spacers may be provided in thegap. As the spacers, particles (dot spacers) can be inserted between theelectrodes. Otherwise, framing spacers may be laminated on theperipheral area of the fixed or flexible substrate.

The touch panel works in a digital or analog system. In the digitalsystem, the position where data are inputted is digitally determinedaccording to the position where the electrodes are made in contact bytouching. In the analog system, voltages are applied, for example, onthe fixed substrate along the X-axis (horizontally) and on the flexiblesubstrate along the Y-axis (vertically). When the thus-electrified touchpanel is touched and pressed, the electrodes are made in contact tochange the resistance in the X and Y directions. According to thechanges of the resistance, the position where data are inputted can bedetermined.

The touch panel is preferably used in combination with the display. Thetouch panel may be separated from the screen of display or may beunified with the screen.

In the case where the touch panel is used in combination with thepolarizing plate, the polarizing plate can be placed between the touchpanel and the display. In a different way, the polarizing plate may beplaced outside (on the observer side) of the touch panel. The latterconstitution is called “inner type”, which is preferred in the inventionbecause it is excellent both in antiglare and in reducing the reflectionof external light.

(Transparent Electrically Conductive Membrane)

The transparent electrically conductive membrane used in the touch panelhas a surface resistance of preferably 10⁴Ω per square or less, morepreferably 1,000 Ω per square or less.

The conductive membrane is particularly preferably provided on at leastone surface of the λ/4 plate of the invention, so that it can be used asa touch panel of inner type.

In order to control the surface resistance in the above range, adispersion of metal alkoxide or electrically conductive fine particlesis applied to form the transparent electrically conductive membrane. Theconductive membrane can be also formed simultaneously with the polymerfilm by cooperative casting. Otherwise, it can be prepared by vacuumfilm-forming process (e.g., sputtering, vacuum deposition, ion-platingor CDV process). In another different way, the conductive membrane canbe formed by gas-phase growing method under atmospheric pressure.

The conductive membrane is normally provided on one surface, but may beprovided on each surface of the film.

In the case where the membrane is formed by applying a dispersion ofelectrically conductive fine particles, the formed membrane contains atleast one metal, metal oxide and/or metal-nitride in the form of fineparticles. Examples of the metal include gold, silver, copper, aluminum,iron, nickel, palladium, platinum, and alloys thereof. Silver ispreferred, and in consideration of weathering resistance an alloy ofsilver and palladium is more preferred. The alloy contains palladiumpreferably in a content of 5 to 30 wt. %. If the content of palladium istoo small, the resultant membrane has poor weathering resistance. If thealloy contains palladium too much, the electrical conductivity islowered. The metal fine particles can be pre-pared according to thelow-vacuum evaporation method or the colloidal metal method, in which anaqueous solution of metal salt is reduced with a reducing agent such asiron (II), hydrazine, boron hydride or amine (e.g., hydroxyethylamine).

Examples of the metal oxide include In₂O₃ (doped with Sn), SnO₂ (dopedwith F, Sb), ZnO (doped with Al, Ga), TiO₂, Al₂O₃, SiO₂, MgO, BaO, MoO₃,V₂O₅ and complex oxides thereof.

Examples of the metal nitride include TiN.

The electrically conductive fine particles has a mean size preferably inthe range of 1.0 to 700 nm, more preferably in the range of 2.0 to 300nm, and most preferably in the range of 5.0 to 100 nm. If the particlesare too large, they absorb light so much that the light transmittance ofthe membrane decreases and accordingly that the haze increases. On theother hand, if the mean size is less than 1 nm, it is difficult todisperse the particles and the resultant membrane has too large asurface resistance to achieve the object of the invention.

For forming the membrane of electrically conductive fine particles,electrically conductive fine particles are dispersed in an aqueoussolution or organic solvent to prepare a coating solution. The coatingsolution is then applied to form the layer. Prior to applying thecoating solution, the surface on which the solution is to be applied canbe subjected to surface treatment or coated with an undercoating layer.Examples of the surface treatment include corona discharge treatment,glow dis-charge treatment, chromic acid (wet) treatment, flametreatment, hot air-blowing treatment, and ozone-ultraviolet (UV)treatment. Examples of the material of the undercoating layer includevinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, butadiene, (meth)acrylic ester,vinyl ester, copolymers thereof, latex, and aqueous polymers (e.g.,gelatin). In order to disperse the conductive fine particles stably, anaqueous solution is preferably used. Examples of the solvent compatibleand preferably used with water include alcohols (e.g., ethyl alcohol,n-propyl alcohol, iso-propyl alcohol, dibutyl alcohol, methylcellosolve, butyl cellosolve). The amount of the conductive fineparticles is preferably in the range of 10 to 1,000 mg/m², morepreferably in the range of 20 to 500 mg/m², most preferably in the rangeof 50 to 150 mg/m². If the amount of the particles is too small, theresultant layer has an insufficient conductivity. If it is too large,the transparency is lowered.

The transparent electrically conductive membrane can contain a binder,or otherwise may consist of essentially only the electrically conductivefine particles without a binder. The binder may be a hydrophilic binder,a hydrophobic binder or latex.

Examples of the hydrophilic binder include gelatin, gelatin derivatives,agar, sodium alginate, starch, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic copolymer,maleic anhydride copolymer, carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxyethylcellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, and hydroxyethyl cellulose. Examplesof the hydrophobic binder include cellulose esters (e.g.,nitrocellulose, diacetyl cellulose, triacetyl cellulose, methylcellulose), vinyl polymers (e.g., vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride,vinyl acrylate), polyamide, and polyester.

The conductive membrane can be treated with heat or water to increaseconductivity and transparency. The temperature of heat treatment dependson heat resistance of the polymer film, and is preferably 150° C. orbelow, more preferably in the range of 100 to 150° C. If it is above150° C., the polymer film is liable to deform by heat. If it is 100° C.or below, the heat treatment cannot give desired effect. Accordingly, ifthe temperature is low, the treatment must be conducted for a long time.

In the heat treatment, the film (in the form of web) on which themembrane is to be formed is preferably transferred through a heatingzone so that the membrane can be evenly heated. The time for heating canbe controlled by adjusting the length of the zone and the transferringspeed. In a different way of the heat treatment, a roll of the film maybe heated in a thermostat. However, in that case, it is necessary to setthe heating time in consider-ation of uneven thermal conduction.

For improving the effect of the heat treatment, the transparentelectrically conductive membrane may be treated with water (e.g., washedwith water). The membrane is, for example, coated with water alone.Examples of the coating method include dip coating and wire-bar coating.The membrane may be watered with a spray or a shower. After the membranewas watered, excess water may be wiped off with wire-bar, rod-bar orair-knife, if needed.

The water treatment lowers the surface resistance of the conductivemembrane having been subjected to the heat treatment, and furtherincreases the transparency and levels the transmission spectrum.Furthermore, if the membrane is subjected to the water treatment, theanti-reflection layer remarkably lowers the reflectance.

The vacuum film-forming process is described in “New development oftransparent electrically conductive layer (Japanese)”, CMC publishers,“Monthly Display”, Yutaka Sawada, September 1999.

Examples of the metal oxide contained in the membrane include In₂O₃(doped with Sn, including ITO), SnO₂ (doped with F, Sb), ZnO (doped withAl, Ga) and complex oxides thereof (e.g., In₂O₃—ZnO). Examples of themetal nitride include TiN.

The membrane may contain silver.

In the case where the membrane is formed on the polymer film bysputtering, the surface of the membrane is preferably coated withpolymer (e.g., fluorocarbon resin, acrylic resin, silicone resin,propylene resin, vinyl resin) and inorganic material (e.g., SiO₂, TiO₂,ZnO₂, SnO₂). The coating layer has a thickness preferably in the rangeof 2 nm to 100 μm, more preferably in the range of 2 nm to 50 μm, mostpreferably in the range of 2 nm to 10 μm. The membrane mainly containingindium oxide can be, for example, formed according to a reactivesputtering process in which a metal target mainly comprising metalindium or a sintered target mainly comprising indium oxide is used. Fromthe viewpoint of controlling the reaction, the sintered target ispreferably adopted. In the reactive sputtering process, an inert gas(e.g., argon) and oxygen gas are used as the sputtering gas and thereactive gas, respectively. As the discharging method, DC magnetronsputter and RF magnetron sputter can be used. The flow of oxygen gas ispreferably controlled according to the plasma emission monitoringmethod.

The polymer film provided with the transparent electrically conductivemembrane has a light-transmittance of preferably 50% or more, morepreferably 60% or more, further preferably 70% or more, most preferably80% or more.

The thickness of the membrane is, if it comprises ITO, in the range of10 to 100 nm, preferably in the range of 15 to 70 nm. The whole membranemay be used as an electrode. Otherwise, after the electrode is formed onthe whole membrane, the membrane is subjected to resist and etchingtreatments to form a pattern electrode. Thus, the polymer film providedwith the transparent electrically conductive membrane is prepared in theform of a sheet.

For producing the touch panel, the above film sheet and a countertransparent electrically conductive sheet (including glass sheet) arefaced to each other so that the conductive membrane (layer) of eachsheet may be inside. In the gap between them, particles (dot spacers)having a thickness of 0.02 to 1.0 mm are, for example, provided. Thecounter conductive sheet may be the above polymer film, anotherelectrically conductive sheet or a glass sheet having a conductivelayer. In other words, the aforementioned polymer film is used as atleast one of the facing two conductive sheets in the touch panel of theinvention. The thus-prepared touch panel is placed under the polarizingplate on the incident light side in the liquid crystal display of innertype.

(Liquid Crystal Display of Reflection Type Equipped with Touch Panel)

The touch panel can be used in combination with various display devices.Examples of the display device include cathode ray tube (CRT), plasmadisplay (PDP), field emission display (FED), inorganic EL device,organic EL device, and liquid crystal display. The phase retarder orcircularly polarizing plate of the invention keeps these display devicesfrom reflecting outer light. It is preferred to use the touch panel incombination with a liquid crystal display (particularly, of reflectiontype).

FIG. 2 schematically shows a basic structure of liquid crystal displayof reflection type comprising the touch panel.

The liquid crystal display of reflection type comprising the touch panelof inner type shown in FIG. 2 comprises a lower substrate (1), areflective electrode (2), a lower orientation layer (3), a liquidcrystal layer (4), an upper orientation layer (5), a transparentelectrode (6), an upper substrate (7), a transparent electricallyconductive membrane (10), another transparent electrically conductivemembrane (11), a λ/4 plate (8) and a polarizing membrane (9), layered inthis order. A combination of the lower substrate (1) to the uppersubstrate (7) constitutes a liquid crystal cell. A gap is formed betweenthe conductive membranes (10) and (11), and a composition of theconductive membrane (10) to the polarizing membrane (9) serves as atouch panel of inner type. In the display shown in FIG. 2, the uppersubstrate (7) also functions as a fixed substrate of touch panel. On thefixed substrate, the conductive membrane is formed.

FIG. 3 schematically shows another basic structure of liquid crystaldisplay of reflection type comprising the touch panel.

The liquid crystal display of reflection type comprising the touch panelof inner type shown in FIG. 3 comprises a lower substrate (1), areflective electrode (2), a lower orientation layer (3), a liquidcrystal layer (4), an upper orientation layer (5), a transparentelectrode (6), an upper substrate (7), a fixed substrate (12), atransparent electrically conductive membrane (10), another transparentelectrically conductive membrane (11), a λ/4 plate (8) and a polarizingmembrane (9), layered in this order. A combination of the lowersubstrate (1) to the upper substrate (7) constitutes a liquid crystalcell. A gap is formed between the conductive membranes (10) and (11),and a composition of the fixed substrate (12) to the polarizing membrane(9) serves as a touch panel of inner type.

Examples of the display modes include TN (twisted nematic) mode, STN(super twisted nematic) mode, HAN (hybrid aligned nematic) mode, and GH(guest-host) mode.

The liquid crystal cell of TN mode has a twist angle preferably in therange of 40 to 100°, more preferably in the range of 50 to 90°, mostpreferably in the range of 60 to 80°. The product (Δn·d) of refractiveanisotropy (Δn) and thickness (d) of the liquid crystal layer ispreferably in the range of 0.1 to 0.5 μm, more preferably in the rangeof 0.2 to 0.4 μm.

The liquid crystal cell of STN mode has a twist angle preferably in therange of 180 to 360°, more preferably in the range of 220 to 270°. Theproduct (Δn·d) of refractive anisotropy (Δn) and thickness (d) of theliquid crystal layer is preferably in the range of 0.3 to 1.2 μm, morepreferably in the range of 0.5 to 1.0 μm.

In the liquid crystal cell of HAN mode, it is preferred that liquidcrystal molecules be essentially vertically aligned on one substrate andthat the pre-tilt angle on the other substrate be in the range of 0 to45°. The product (Δn·d) of refractive anisotropy (Δn) and thickness (d)of the liquid crystal layer is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 1.0 μm,more preferably in the range of 0.3 to 0.8 μm. The substrate on whichthe liquid crystal molecules are vertically aligned may be on thereflection board side or on the transparent electrode side.

In the liquid crystal cell of GH mode, the liquid crystal layercomprises liquid crystal and a dichromatic dye. If both of the liquidcrystal and the dichromatic dye are rod-like compounds, the director ofliquid crystal is parallel to the long axis of the dichromatic dyemolecule. Accordingly, when voltage is applied to change alignment ofthe liquid crystal, the alignment of dichromatic dye is changed at thesame time. There are some types of liquid crystal cell of GH mode.Examples of the type include Heilmeir type, white-Taylor type (in whichcholesteric liquid crystal is used), dual-layered type and a type inwhich a λ/4 plate is used. In the invention, the type in which a λ/4plate is used is preferred. The guest-host liquid crystal display ofreflection type comprising a λ/4 plate is described in Japanese PatentProvisional Publication Nos. 6(1994)-222350, 8(1996)-36174,10(1998)-268300, 10(1998)-292175, 10(1998)-293301, 10(1998)-311976,10(1998)-319442, 10(1998)-325953, 10(1998)-333138 and 11(1999)-38410.The λ/4 plate is between the liquid crystal layer and the reflectionboard. In the liquid crystal layer, the liquid crystal molecules areoriented in vertical alignment preferably to in horizontal alignment.The liquid crystal preferably has a negative dielectric anisotropy.

The liquid crystal display of reflection type may be designed normallywhite mode (in which a bright or dark image is displayed when theapplied voltage is low or high, respectively) or normally black mode (inwhich a dark or bright image is displayed when the applied voltage islow or high, respectively). The normally white mode is preferred.

EXAMPLE 1

(Preparation of Cellulose Ester Film)

At room temperature, 120 weight parts of cellulose acetate (averageacetic acid content: 59.7%), 2.4 weight parts of an additive (10-trans),9.36 weight parts of triphenyl phosphate, 4.68 weight parts ofbiphenyldiphenyl phosphate, 2.4 weight parts of tribenzylamine, 718weight parts of methylene chloride, and 62.4 weight parts of methanolwere mixed to prepare a solution (dope).

The prepared dope was cast on a glass plate, dried at room temperaturefor 1 minute, and further dried at 45° C. for 5 minutes. After peeledfrom the plate, the formed film was dried at 100° C. for 30 minutes andthen further dried at 130° C. for 20 minutes. The amount of the solventremaining in the obtained film was 0.5 wt. %.

After sized for a proper size, the film was stretched at 130° C.parallel to the casting direction to be 1.33 times as long as theoriginal length. In stretching the film, the film was let to shrinkfreely perpendicularly to the stretching direction. The stretched filmwas then cooled to room temperature. In the thus-treated film, thesolvent remained in the amount of 0.1 wt. %. The thickness of theobtained film was 102 μm. The ratio of stretching (SA/SB) was 1.48.

The Re retardation values of the prepared cellulose ester film (phaseretarder) were measured at 450 nm, 550 nm and 590 nm by means of anellipsometer (M-150, JASCO CORPORATION), and found 111.6 nm, 137.3 nmand 145.2 nm, respectively.

Further, the refractive index was measured by means of an Abbe'srefractometer and also the angular dependence of retardation wasmeasured at 550 nm, to determine the refractive index (nx) in thedirection parallel to the slow axis in the plane, the refractive index(ny) in the direction perpendicular to the slow axis in the plane, andthe refractive index (nz) in the thickness direction. From the obtainedrefractive indexes at 550 nm, the value of (nx−nz)/(nx−ny) wascalculated to find 1.50.

(Preparation of Liquid Crystal Display of Reflection Type)

A polarizing plate and a phase retarder were removed from a commerciallyavailable liquid crystal display of reflection type (Color ZaurusMI-310, Sharp Corporation). In place of the removed members, thepolarizing plate and the phase retarder prepared above (polarizing platelaminated with a protective film having AR-treated surface) wereinstalled.

The thus-prepared liquid crystal display of reflection type was observedwith the eyes. As a result, it was found that the display gave neutralgray without undesirable color in dark, bright and medium tone images.

Further, the contrast ratio of brightness in reflection was measured bymeans of a measuring apparatus (EZ-Contrast 160D, ELDIM), and thereby itwas found that the front contrast ratio was 20. The viewing angle rangegiving a contrast ratio of 3 was 120° or more in both vertical(up-downward) and horizontal (left-rightward) direction.

(Spectrum of Additive)

The absorption spectrum of the additive (10-trans) was measured inultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) wavelength region in the following manner.

The additive (10-trans) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (without astabilizer (BHT)) so that the concentration might be 10⁻⁵ mol/dm³. Theabsorption spectrum of the thus-prepared solution was measured by meansof a spectro-photometer (Hitachi, Ltd.). In the obtained absorptionspectrum, the maximum absorption peak was given at 220 nm (λmax) and theabsorption coefficient (E) at the peak was 15,000.

COMPARISON EXAMPLE 1

The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except for using 1.2 weightparts of the following additive (Ref-1) in place of 10-trans, to preparea cellulose ester film (phase retarder) and a liquid crystal display ofreflection type.

(Evaluation of Phase Retarder)

The Re retardation values of the prepared cellulose ester film (phaseretarder) were measured at 450 nm, 550 nm and 590 nm by means of anellipsometer (M-150, JASCO CORPORATION), and found 109.4 nm, 125.3 nmand 130.2 nm, respectively.

Further, the refractive index was measured by means of an Abbe'srefractometer and also the angular dependence of retardation wasmeasured at 550 nm, to determine the refractive index (nx) in thedirection parallel to the slow axis in the plane, the refractive index(ny) in the direction perpendicular to the slow axis in the plane, andthe refractive index (nz) in the thickness direction. From the obtainedrefractive indexes at 550 nm, the value of (nx−nz)/(nx−ny) wascalculated to find 1.90.

(Evaluation of Liquid Crystal Display of Reflection Type)

The thus-prepared liquid crystal display of reflection type was observedwith the eyes. As a result, it was found that the display gaveyellowish., bluish and other undesirable color in dark, bright andmedium tone images, respectively. In all the displayed images, thedisplay could not give neutral gray.

(Spectrum of Additive)

The absorption spectrum of the additive (Ref-1) was measured inultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) wavelength region in the following manner.

The additive (Ref-1) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (without astabilizer (BHT)) so that the concentration might be 10⁻⁵ mol/dm³. Theabsorption spectrum of the thus-prepared solution was measured by meansof a spectro-photometer (Hitachi, Ltd.). In the obtained absorptionspectrum, the maximum absorption peak was given at 280 nm (λmax) and theabsorption coefficient at the peak was 60,000.

EXAMPLE 2

The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except for using anotheradditive (23-trans) in place of 10-trans in the amount shown in Table 1,to prepare a cellulose ester film (phase retarder). The retardation ofthe film was measured, and the result was set forth in Table 1.

EXAMPLE 3

The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except for using anotheradditive (29-trans) in place of 10-trans in the amount shown in Table 1,to prepare a cellulose ester film (phase retarder). The retardation ofthe film was measured, and the result was set forth in Table 1.

COMPARISON EXAMPLE 2

The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except for using anotheradditive (Ref-1) in place of 10-trans in the amount shown in Table 1, toprepare a cellulose ester film (phase retarder). The retardation of thefilm was measured, and the result was set forth in Table 1.

COMPARISON EXAMPLE 3

The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except for using anotheradditive (Ref-2) in place of 10-trans in the amount shown in Table 1, toprepare a cellulose ester film (phase retarder). The retardation of thefilm was measured, and the result was set forth in Table 1. TABLE 1(23-trans)

(29-trans)

(Ref-2)

Absorption Amount of Wavelength coefficient additive of absorp- (ε) atab- (weight tion maxi- sorption Film Additive parts) mum (λmax) maximumExample 1 10-trans 1.8 220 nm 15,000 Example 2 23-trans 2.3 230 nm16,000 Example 3 29-trans 2.0 240 nm 20,000 Comp. Ex. 1 Ref-1 1.2 280 nm60,000 Comp. Ex. 2 Ref-1 1.8 280 nm 60,000 Comp. Ex. 3 Ref-2 1.6 280 nm60,000 Retardation Film 450 nm 550 nm 590 nm Coloring* Example 1 111.6nm 137.3 nm 146.2 nm A Example 2 112.6 nm 137.5 nm 144.2 nm A Example 3113.6 nm 137.6 nm 143.1 nm A Comp. Example 1 109.4 nm 125.3 nm 130.2 nmC Comp. Example 2 120.6 nm 137.2 nm 140.2 nm B Comp. Example 3 122.4 nm137.1 nm 141.0 nm B Theoretical λ/4 112.5 nm 137.5 nm 147.5 nmRemarks: (coloring*)A: undesirable colors are observed in neither dark, bright nor mediumtone images;B: bluish and yellowish undesirable colors are observed in bright anddark images, respectively; andC: undesirable colors are observed in dark, bright and medium toneimages, and all the images exhibited low contrast.[Auxiliary Experiment](Spectrum of Retardation-Increasing Agent)

The absorption spectra of the retardation-increasing agents (10-trans),(41-trans) and (29-trans) were measured in ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis)wavelength region.

Each agent was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (without a stabilizer (BHT))so that the concentration might be 10-5 mol/dm³. The absorption spectrumof the thus-prepared solution was measured by means of aspectro-photometer (Hitachi, Ltd.). The results were set forth in Table2. TABLE 2 (10-trans)

(41-trans)

(29-trans)

Retardation Absorption co- increasing Wavelength of absorp- efficient(ε) at ab- agent tion maximum (λmax) sorption maximum 10-trans 220 nm15,000 41-trans 230 nm 16,000 29-trans 240 nm 20,000

EXAMPLE 4

(Preparation of Polymer Film)

At room temperature, 100 weight parts of cellulose acetate (averageacetic acid content: 59.5%), 7.8 weight parts of triphenyl phosphate,3.9 weight parts of biphenyldiphenyl phosphate, 1.32 weight parts of aretardation-increasing agent (41-trans), 587.69 weight parts ofmethylene chloride, and 50.85 weight parts of methanol were mixed toprepare a solution (dope).

The prepared dope was cast onto a film-forming band, dried at roomtemperature for 1 minute, and further dried at 45° C. for 5 minutes. Thethus-formed film contained the solvent remaining in the amount of 30 wt.%. After peeled from the band, the formed cellulose acetate film wasfurther dried at 120° C. for 10 minutes. The film was then stretched at130° C. parallel to the casting direction while let freely shrinkperpendicularly, to be 1.34 times as long as the original length. Thestretched film was furthermore dried at 120° C. for 30 minutes, toprepare a cellulose acetate film in which the solvent remained in theamount of 0.1 wt. %.

The thus-prepared polymer film (PF-1) had the thickness of 112.7 μm, andits retardation values were measured at 450 nm, 550 nm and 590 nm bymeans of an ellipsometer (M-150, JASCO CORPORATION) to find 125.2 nm,137.8 nm and 141.1 nm, respectively. The cellulose acetate film,therefore, gave λ/4 in a wide wavelength range.

Further, the refractive indexes were measured with an Abbe'srefractometer, and the angle dependence of retardation was alsomeasured. From the obtained data, nx (refractive index along the showaxis), ny (refractive index perpendicular to the slow axis) and nz(refractive index along the depth) were determined at 550 nm to findthat (nx−nz)/(nx−ny) was 1.48.

EXAMPLE 5

(Preparation of Polymer Film)

At room temperature, 100 weight parts of cellulose acetate (averageacetic acid content: 59.5%), 2.35 weight parts of aretardation-increasing agent (10-trans), 7.8 weight parts of triphenylphosphate, 3.9 weight parts of biphenyldiphenyl phosphate, 594.61 weightparts of methylene chloride, and 52.14 weight parts of methanol weremixed to prepare a solution (dope).

The prepared dope was cast onto a film-forming band, dried at roomtemperature for 1 minute, and further dried at 45° C. for 5 minutes. Thethus-formed film contained the solvent remaining in the amount of 30 wt.%. After peeled from the band, the formed cellulose acetate film wasfurther dried at 120° C. for 5 minutes. The film was then stretched at130° C. parallel to the casting direction while let freely shrinkperpendicularly, to be 1.3 times as long as the original length. Thestretched film was furthermore dried at 130° C. for 20 minutes, toprepare a cellulose acetate film in which the solvent remained in theamount of 0.1 wt. %.

The thus-prepared polymer film (PF-2) had the thickness of 100.1 μm, andits retardation values were measured at 450 nm, 550 nm and 590 nm bymeans of an ellipsometer (M-150, JASCO CORPORATION) to find 130.1 nm,141.0 nm and 143.8 nm, respectively. The cellulose acetate film,therefore, gave λ/4 in a wide wavelength range.

Further, the refractive indexes were measured with an Abbe'srefractometer, and the angle dependence of retardation was alsomeasured. From the obtained data, nx (refractive index along the showaxis), ny (refractive index perpendicular to the slow axis) and nz(refractive index along the depth) were determined at 550 nm to findthat (nx−nz)/(nx−ny) was 1.47.

EXAMPLE 6

(Preparation of Polymer Film)

At room temperature, 100 weight parts of cellulose acetate (averageacetic acid content: 60.9%), 2.25 weight parts of theretardation-increasing agent (41-trans) used in Example 4, 7.8 weightparts of triphenyl phosphate, 3.9 weight parts of biphenyldiphenylphosphate, 594.02 weight parts of methylene chloride, and 51.49 weightparts of methanol were mixed to prepare a solution (dope).

The prepared dope was cast onto a film-forming band, dried at roomtemperature for 1 minute, and further dried at 45° C. for 5 minutes. Thethus-formed film contained the solvent remaining in the amount of 30 wt.%. After peeled from the band, the formed cellulose acetate film wasfurther dried at 120° C. for 5 minutes. The film was then stretched at130° C. parallel to the casting direction while let freely shrinkperpendicularly, to be 1.34 times as long as the original length. Thestretched film was furthermore dried at 130° C. for 20 minutes, toprepare a cellulose acetate film in which the solvent remained in theamount of 0.1 wt. %.

The thus-prepared polymer film (PF-3) had the thickness of 119.5 μm, andits retardation values were measured at 450 nm, 550 nm and 590 nm bymeans of an ellipsometer (M-150, JASCO CORPORATION) to find 127.1 nm,140.1 nm and 143.5 nm, respectively. The cellulose acetate film,therefore, gave λ/4 in a wide wavelength range.

Further, the refractive indexes were measured with an Abbe'srefractometer, and the angle dependence of retardation was alsomeasured. From the obtained data, nx (refractive index along the showaxis), ny (refractive index perpendicular to the slow axis) and nz(refractive index along the depth) were determined at 550 nm to findthat (nx−nz)/(nx−ny) was 1.32.

EXAMPLE 7

(Preparation of Polymer Film)

In a mixing tank, 100 weight parts of cellulose acetate (average aceticacid content: 61.5%), 7.8 weight parts of triphenyl phosphate, 3.9weight parts of biphenyldiphenyl phosphate, 594.02 weight parts ofmethylene chloride, and 51.49 weight parts of methanol were mixed whileheated to be dissolved, to prepare a cellulose acetate solution.

In another mixing tank, 2.25 weight parts of the retardation-increasingagent (41-trans) used in Example 4, 16.0 weight parts of methylenechloride and 1.39 weight parts of methanol were placed, heated andstirred to be dissolved. Thus, a retardation-increasing agent solutionwas prepared.

The prepared cellulose acetate solution and the retardation-increasingagent solution were all mixed and stirred well to prepare a dope.

The prepared dope was cast onto a band-casting machine having a dryingzone and a stretching zone equipped with multi-step rolls, by which theformed film was monoaxially stretched. Immediately before entering thestretching zone, the formed film contained the solvent remaining in theamount of 2.0 wt. %. In order to keep a constant temperature, thestretching zone was covered with a casing. The temperature of filmsurface was kept at 130° C. The temperature in stretching the film wascontrolled with the rolls and infrared heaters placed among the rolls.The rotation of the rolls was controlled so that the film might bestretched 1.31 times as long as the original length. The thus-stretchedfilm was gradually cooled to room temperature.

The prepared film had the thickness of 145 μm, and contained the solventremaining in the amount of 0.2 wt. %.

The retardation values of the film were measured at 450 nm, 550 nm and590 nm by means of an ellipsometer (M-150, JASCO CORPORATION) to find126.8 nm, 137.8 nm and 140.74 nm, respectively. The cellulose acetatefilm, therefore, gave λ/4 in a wide wavelength range.

Further, the refractive indexes were measured with an Abbe'srefractometer, and the angle dependence of retardation was alsomeasured. From the obtained data, nx (refractive index along the showaxis), ny (refractive index perpendicular to the slow axis) and nz(refractive index along the depth) were determined at 550 nm to findthat (nx−nz)/(nx−ny) was 1.47.

COMPARISON EXAMPLE 4

(Preparation of λ/4 Plate)

Polycarbonate (weight average molecular weight: 100,000) was dissolvedin methylene chloride to prepare a 17 wt. % solution. The solution wascast onto a glass plate to form a film (dry thickness: 80 μm), which wasdried at room temperature for 30 minutes. After further dried at 70° C.for 30 minutes, the polycarbonate film (volatile content: approx. 1 wt.%) was peeled from the glass plate and sized to 5 cm×10 cm. The sizedfilm was monoaxially stretched at 158° C. to obtain a stretchedbirefringencial film of polycarbonate.

The retardation values of the obtained polycarbonate film (λ/4 plate)were measured at 450 nm, 550 nm and 590 nm by means of an ellipsometer(M-150, JASCO CORPORATION) to find 147.8 nm, 137.5 nm and 134.9 nm,respectively.

EXAMPLE 8

(Preparation of Polarizing Membrane)

Polyvinyl alcohol (average polymerization degree: 4,000; saponificationdegree: 99.8 mol. %) was dissolved in water to prepare a 4.0% aqueoussolution. The solution was cast onto a band and dried to form a film.After peeled from the band, the film was stretched parallel to thecasting direction under dry condition and then immersed in an aqueoussolution containing 0.5 g/l of iodine and 50 g/l of potassium iodide at30° C. for 1 minute. Immediately after that, the film was again immersedin another aqueous solution containing 100 g/l of boric acid and 60 g/lof potassium iodide at 70° C. for 5 minutes. The film was washed withwater in a tank at 20° C. for 10 seconds, and then dried at 80° C. for 5minutes. Thus, a polarizing membrane in the shape of a long band film(CHM-1, width: 1,290 mm; thickness: 20 μm) was prepared.

(Preparation of Circularly Polarizing Plate)

The cellulose acetate film prepared in Example 6 and a commerciallyavailable polarizing plate (SANRITZ CORPORATION) were laminated with anadhesive, so that the slow axis of the film might be at the angle of 45°to the transmission axis of the plate. Thus, a circularly polarizingplate was produced.

The produced circularly polarizing plate gave almost completelycircularly polarized light in a wide wavelength region (450 to 590 nm).

EXAMPLE 9

(Preparation of Polarizing Membrane)

Polyvinyl alcohol (average polymerization degree: 4,000; saponificationdegree: 99.8 mol. %) was dissolved in water to prepare a 4.0% aqueoussolution. The solution was cast onto a band and dried to form a film.After peeled from the band, the film was stretched parallel to thecasting direction under dry condition and then immersed in an aqueoussolution containing 0.5 g/l of iodine and 50 g/l of potassium iodide at30° C. for 1 minute. Immediately after that, the film was again immersedin another aqueous solution containing 100 g/l of boric acid and 60 g/lof potassium iodide at 70° C. for 5 minutes. The film was washed withwater in a tank at 20° C. for 10 seconds, and then dried at 80° C. for 5minutes. Thus, a polarizing membrane in the shape of a long band film(CHM-1, width: 1,290 mm; thickness: 20 μm) was prepared.

(Preparation of Circularly Polarizing Plate)

The cellulose acetate film prepared in Example 6, the polarizing plateprepared above and a commercially available cellulose acetate film(Fujitac, Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.) were roll-to-roll laminated andlayered in this order. Thus, a circularly polarizing plate was produced.

The produced circularly polarizing plate gave almost completelycircularly polarized light in a wide wavelength region (450 to 590 nm).

EXAMPLE 10

(Preparation of TN-Mode Liquid Crystal Display of Reflection Type)

A glass substrate having an ITO electrode and another glass substrateequipped with an aluminum reflective electrode having a finely roughedsurface were prepared. On the electrode of each glass substrate, apolyimide orientation layer (SE-7992, Nissan Chemical Industries Ltd.)was formed and subjected to rubbing treatment. The substrates werelaminated so that the orientation layers might face to each other, and aspacer of 3.4 μm was inserted between the substrates. The substrateswere placed so that the rubbing directions of the orientation layersmight be crossed at the angle of 110°. To the gap between thesubstrates, a liquid crystal compound (MLC-6252, Merck) was injected toform a liquid crystal layer. Thus, a liquid crystal cell of TN mode(twisted angle: 70°, Δnd: 269 nm) was produced.

The circularly polarizing plate (polarizing membrane on which aprotective film having AR-treated surface was laminated) prepared inExample 8 was laminated on the glass substrate having the ITO electrode,so that the cellulose acetate film of the plate might be in contact withthe glass substrate. Thus, a liquid crystal display of reflection typewas prepared.

To the thus-prepared display of reflection type, voltage of a squarewave 1 kHz was applied. The display was then observed with eyes, andthereby it was confirmed that an image of neutral gray was given withoutundesirable coloring in both white mode (1.5 V) and black mode (4.5 V).

The contrast ratio of reflection brightness was measured by means of ameter (EZ-Contrast 160D, ELDIM), and thereby it was found that the frontcontrast ratio was 25 and that the viewing angle giving the contrastratio of 3 was not less than 120° (up-downward) or not less than 120°(left-rightward). Further, the display was subjected to the durabilitytest (temperature: 60° C., relative humidity: 90%) for 500 hours, buteven so the displayed image had no defect.

EXAMPLE 11

(Preparation of STN-Mode Liquid Crystal Display of Reflection Type)

A glass substrate having an ITO transparent electrode and another glasssubstrate having a smooth aluminum reflective electrode were prepared.On the electrode of each glass substrate, a polyimide orientation layer(SE-150, Nissan Chemical Industries Ltd.) was formed and subjected torubbing treatment. The substrates were laminated so that the polyimideorientation layers might face to each other, and a spacer of 6.0 μm wasinserted between the substrates. The substrates were placed so that therubbing directions of the orientation layers might be crossed at theangle of 60°. To the gap between the substrates, a liquid crystalcompound (ZLI-2977, Merck) was injected to form a liquid crystal layer.Thus, a liquid crystal cell of STN mode (twisted angle: 240°, Δnd: 791nm) was produced.

A commercially available internal diffusing sheet (IDS, Dai NipponPrinting Co., Ltd.) and the circularly polarizing plate prepared inExample 8 were laminated in this order with an adhesive on the glasssubstrate having the ITO transparent electrode, so that the polarizingplate might be the top or bottom.

To the thus-prepared liquid crystal display of reflection type, voltageof a square wave 55 Hz was applied. The display was then observed witheyes, and thereby it was confirmed that an image of neutral gray wasgiven without undesirable coloring in both white mode (2.5 V) and blackmode (2.0 V).

The contrast ratio of reflection brightness was measured by means of ameter (EZ-Contrast 160D, ELDIM), and thereby it was found that the frontcontrast ratio was 8 and that the viewing angle giving the contrastratio of 3 was 90° (up-downward) or 105° (left-rightward).

EXAMPLE 12

(Preparation of HAN-Mode Liquid Crystal Display of Reflection Type)

A glass substrate having an ITO transparent electrode and another glasssubstrate having a smooth aluminum reflective electrode were prepared.On the ITO transparent electrode, a polyimide orientation layer (SE-610,Nissan Chemical Industries Ltd.) was formed and subjected to rubbingtreatment. On the aluminum reflective electrode, a vertical orientationlayer (SE-1211, Nissan Chemical Industries Ltd.) was formed and notsubjected to rubbing treatment. The substrates were laminated so thatthe orientation layers might face to each other, and a spacer of 4.0 μmwas inserted between the substrates. To the gap between the substrates,a liquid crystal compound (ZLI-1565, Merck) was injected to form aliquid crystal layer. Thus, a liquid crystal cell of HAN mode (And: 519nm) was produced.

The circularly polarizing plate prepared in Example 8 was laminated withan adhesive on the glass substrate having the ITO transparent electrode,and further thereon a light-diffusing membrane (Lumisty, SumitomoChemical Co., Ltd.) was laminated.

To the thus-prepared liquid crystal display of reflection type, voltageof a square wave 55 Hz was applied. The display was then observed witheyes, and thereby it was confirmed that an image of neutral gray wasgiven without undesirable coloring in both white mode (2.0 V) and blackmode (0.8 V).

The contrast ratio of reflection brightness was measured by means of ameter (EZ-Contrast 160D, ELDIM), and thereby it was found that the frontcontrast ratio was 8 and that the viewing angle giving the contrastratio of 3 was not less than 120° (up-downward) or not less than 120°(left-rightward).

EXAMPLE 13

(Preparation of TN-Mode Liquid Crystal Display of Reflection Type)

The above circularly polarizing plate was laminated with an adhesive onthe TN-mode liquid crystal cell prepared in Example 9, so that thepolycarbonate film of the plate might be on the ITO electrode side andso that the slow axis of the λ/4 plate might be oriented at 45° to thetransmission axis of the polarizing membrane.

To the thus-prepared liquid crystal display of reflection type, voltageof a square wave 1 kHz was applied. The display was then observed witheyes, and thereby it was confirmed that images slightly colored inbluish green and violet were given in white mode (1.5 V) and black mode(4.5 V), respectively.

The contrast ratio of reflection brightness was measured by means of ameter (EZ-Contrast 160D, ELDIM), and thereby it was found that the frontcontrast ratio was 10 and that the viewing angle giving the contrastratio of 3 was not less than 1000 (up-downward) or not less than 80°(left-rightward).

EXAMPLE 14

(Preparation of Polymer Film)

At room temperature, 20 weight parts of cellulose triacetate (averageacetic acid content: 60.3%, viscosity average polymerization degree:320, water content: 0.4 wt. %, in the form of powder in which the meanparticle size and the standard deviation of the size were 1.5 mm and 0.5mm, respectively, and 6 wt. % methylene chloride solution of which hadthe viscosity of 305 mPa·s), 58 weight parts of methyl acetate, 5 weightparts of acetone, 5 weight parts of methanol, 5 weight parts of ethanol,5 weight parts of butanol, 1.2 weight parts of ditrimethylolpropanetetraacetate(plasticizer), 1.2 weight parts of triphenylphosphate(plasticizer), 0.2 weight part of2,4-bis-(n-octylthio)-6-(4-hydroxxy-3,5-di-tert-butylanilino)-1,3,5-triazine(UV absorber), 0.2 weight part of2-(2′-hydroxy-31,5′-di-tert-butylphenyl)-5-chlorobeztriazole (UVabsorber), 0.2 weight part of2-(2′-hydroxy-3′,5′-di-tert-amylphenyl)-5-chloro-beztriazole (UVabsorber), 0.02 weight part of C₁₂H₂₅OCH₂CH₂0-P—(═O)—(OK)₂ (releasingagent), 0.02 weight part of citric acid (releasing agent), and 0.05weight part of silica particles (size: 20 nm, Mohs hardness number:approx. 7) are mixed to prepare a cellulose acetate solution.

The cellulose triacetate used above contained 0.01 wt. % or less ofremaining acetic acid, 0.05 wt. % of Ca, 0.007 wt. % of Mg and 5 ppm ofFe. The substitution degree at 6-position was 0.95, and was 32.2% basedon the total substitution degree at 2-, 3- and 6-positions. The extractwith acetone was 11 wt. %. The ratio of weight and number averagemolecular weights was 0.5, which indicated the particles were evenlydispersed. The yellowness index, haze, transmittance, Tg andcrystallization calorific value were 0.3, 0.08, 93.5%, 160° C. and 6.2J/g, respectively.

In another mixing tank, 2.25 weight parts of a retardation-increasingagent (41-trans), 16.0 weight parts of methylene chloride and 1.39weight parts of methanol were placed, heated and stirred to bedissolved. Thus, a retardation-increasing agent solution was prepared.

The prepared cellulose acetate solution and the retardation-increasingagent solution were all mixed and stirred well to prepare a dope.

The prepared dope was cast onto a band-casting machine having a dryingzone and a stretching zone equipped with multi-step rolls, by which theformed film was monoaxially stretched. Immediately before entering thestretching zone, the formed film contained the solvent remaining in theamount of 2.0 wt. %. In order to keep a constant temperature, thestretching zone was covered with a casing. The temperature of filmsurface was kept at 130° C. The temperature in stretching the film wascontrolled with the rolls and infrared heaters placed among the rolls.The rotation of the rolls was controlled so that the film might bestretched 1.31 times as long as the original length. The thus-stretchedfilm was gradually cooled to room temperature, and wound up.

The prepared film had the thickness of 120.1 μm.

The retardation values of the film were measured at 450 nm, 550 nm and590 nm by means of an ellipsometer (M-150, JASCO CORPORATION) to find127.0 nm, 140.3 nm and 144.2 nm, respectively. The cellulose acetatefilm, therefore, gave λ/4 in a wide wavelength range.

Further, the refractive indexes were measured with an Abbe'srefractometer, and the angle dependence of retardation was alsomeasured. From the obtained data, nx (refractive index along the showaxis), ny (refractive index perpendicular to the slow axis) and nz(refractive index along the depth) were determined at 550 nm to findthat (nx−nz)/(nx−ny) was 1.48.

EXAMPLE 15

(Preparation of λ/4 Plate)

At room temperature, 100 weight parts of cellulose ester (average aceticacid content: 59.5%), 7.8 weight parts of triphenyl phosphate, 3.9weight parts of biphenyldiphenyl phosphate, 1.32 weight parts of thefollowing retardation-increasing agent (41-trans), 587.69 weight partsof methylene chloride, and 50.85 weight parts of methanol were mixed toprepare a solution (dope).

The prepared dope was cast onto a film-forming band, dried at roomtemperature for 1 minute, and further dried at 45° C. for 5 minutes. Thethus-formed film contained the solvent remaining in the amount of 30 wt.%. After peeled from the band, the formed cellulose ester film wasfurther dried at 120° C. for 10 minutes. The film was then stretched at130° C. parallel to the casting direction while let freely shrinkperpendicularly, to be 1.34 times as long as the original length. Thestretched film was furthermore dried at 120° C. for 30 minutes, toprepare a cellulose acetate film in which the solvent remained in theamount of 0.1 wt. %.

The thus-prepared polymer film had the thickness of 113 μm, and itsretardation values were measured at 450 nm, 550 nm and 590 nm by meansof an ellipsometer (M-150, JASCO CORPORATION) to find 125.2 nm, 137.8 nmand 141.1 nm, respectively. The cellulose ester film, therefore, gaveλ/4 in a wide wavelength range.

Further, the refractive indexes were measured with an Abbe'srefractometer, and the angle dependence of retardation was alsomeasured. From the obtained data, nx (refractive index along the showaxis), ny (refractive index perpendicular to the slow axis) and nz(refractive index along the depth) were determined at 550 nm to findthat (nx−nz)/(nx−ny) was 1.48.

(Formation of Transparent Electrically Conductive Membrane on λ/4 Plate)

The above-prepared film was set on a sputtering apparatus of wind-uptype. After evacuated to 1.2 mPa, the vacuum chamber was filled with amixed gas of Ar and O₂ (O₂: 1.5%) at 0.25 Pa. The film was thensubjected to DC sputtering (substrate temperature: 25° C., electricpower density: 1 W/cm²) to form a transparent electrically conductivemembrane of In₂O₃ (thickness: 42 nm).

The surface resistance on the formed membrane side of the film wasmeasured according to four-terminal method, to find 206Ω per square. Thelight transmittance was 88%.

The retardation values (Re) of the thus-prepared film having themembrane were measured at 450 nm, 550 nm and 590 nm by means of anellipsometer (M-150, JASCO CORPORATION) to find 125.2 nm, 137.8 nm and141.1 nm, respectively. The cellulose ester film, therefore, gave λ/4 ina wide wavelength range.

Further, the refractive indexes were measured with an Abbe'srefractometer, and the angle dependence of retardation was alsomeasured. From the obtained data, nx (refractive index along the showaxis), ny (refractive index perpendicular to the slow axis) and nz(refractive index along the depth) were determined at 550 nm to findthat (nx−nz)/(nx−ny) was 1.48.

(Preparation of Touch Panel)

A glass plate (thickness: 0.7 mm) coated with a transparent electricallyconductive membrane of ITO (surface resistance of single surface: 800Ωper square) was prepared. Dot spacers of 1 mm were placed on thesurface, and silver electrodes were printed on both ends of the plate.Independently, on both ends of the above-prepared λ/4 plate having theconductive membrane, silver electrodes were also printed. Thethus-treated λ/4 plate and the above glass plate were laminated so thatthe conductive membranes might face to each other, and then a flexibleelectrode was provided. At the peripheral area of the gap between thelaminated substrates, an insulating adhesive was inserted in thethickness of 100 μm. Thus, a touch panel was prepared. On the λ/4 plateside of the touch panel, a polarizing plate having AR treated surfacewas laminated so that the transmission axis of the polarizing platemight be at the angle of 45° to the stretching direction (parallel tothe slow axis) of the λ/4 plate. Thus, a touch panel comprising a λ/4plate with a transparent electrically conductive membrane was produced.

(Preparation of Liquid Crystal Display of Reflection Type Equipped withTouch Panel)

A touch panel, a polarizing plate and a phase retarder were removed froma commercially available liquid crystal display of reflection typeequipped with a touch panel (Power Zaurus MI-Cl, Sharp Corporation). Inplace of the removed members, the touch panel prepared above wasinstalled.

The contrast ratio of the prepared liquid crystal display was measuredby means of a measuring apparatus (EZ-Contrast 160D, ELDIM), and therebyit was found that the front contrast ratio was 10:1. The viewing anglerange giving a contrast ratio of 2:1 was 1200 or more in both vertical(up-downward) and horizontal (left-rightward) directions. It was alsofound that the display gave neutral gray without undesirable color inboth dark and bright images. The surface reflectance was 9.5%, whichindicated that the display reflected outer scenes little enough to beexcellent in recognizability. Also as an input unit, the displayexhibited good performance.

EXAMPLE 16

(Preparation of λ/4 Plate)

At room temperature, 20 weight parts of cellulose triacetate(substitution degree: 2.82, viscosity average polymerization degree:320, water content: 0.4 wt. %, in the form of powder in which the meanparticle size and the standard deviation of the size were 1.5 mm and 0.5mm, respectively, and 6 wt. % methylene chloride solution of which hadthe viscosity of 305 mPa·s), 58 weight parts of methyl acetate, 5 weightparts of acetone, 5 weight parts of methanol, 5 weight parts of ethanol,5 weight parts of butanol, 1.2 weight parts of ditrimethylolpropanetetraacetate (plasticizer), 1.2 weight parts of triphenyl phosphate(plasticizer), 1.00 weight part of the retardation-increasing agent(41-trans), 0.02 weight part of C₁₂H₂₅OCH₂CH₂0-P—(═O)—(OK)₂ (releasingagent), 0.02 weight part of citric acid (releasing agent), and 0.05weight part of silica particles (size: 20 nm, Mohs hardness number:approx. 7) are mixed to prepare a cellulose acetate solution.

The cellulose triacetate used above contained 0.01 wt. % or less ofremaining acetic acid, 0.05 wt. % of Ca, 0.007 wt. % of Mg and 5 ppm ofFe. The substitution degree at 6-position was 0.95, and was 32.2% basedon the total substitution degree at 2-, 3- and 6-positions. The extractwith acetone was 11 wt. %. The ratio of weight and number averagemolecular weights was 0.5, which indicated the particles were evenlydispersed. The yellowness index, haze, transmittance, Tg andcrystallization calorific value were 0.3, 0.08, 93.5%, 160° C. and 6.2J/g, respectively.

The prepared film had the thickness of 121.7 μm.

The retardation values of the film were measured at 450 nm, 550 nm and590 nm by means of an ellipsometer (M-150, JASCO CORPORATION) to find126.2 nm, 138.8 nm and 142.1 nm, respectively. The cellulose acetatefilm, therefore, gave λ/4 in a wide wavelength range.

Further, the refractive indexes were measured with an Abbe'srefractometer, and the angle dependence of retardation was alsomeasured. From the obtained data, nx (refractive index along the showaxis), ny (refractive index perpendicular to the slow axis) and nz(refractive index along the depth) were determined at 550 nm to findthat (nx−nz)/(nx−ny) was 1.50.

(Formation of Transparent Electrically Conductive Membrane on λ/4 Plate)

The above-prepared λ/4 plate was subjected to sputtering in the samemanner as in Example 15, to form a transparent electrically conductivemembrane of In₂O₃ (thickness: 50 nm).

The surface resistance on the formed membrane side of the film wasmeasured according to four-terminal method, to find 226Ω per square. Thelight transmittance was 87%.

The retardation values (Re) of the thus-prepared film having themembrane were measured at 450 nm, 550 nm and 590 nm by means of anellipsometer (M-150, JASCO CORPORATION) to find 126.2 nm, 138.8 nm and142.1 nm, respectively. The cellulose ester film, therefore, gave λ/4 ina wide wavelength range.

Further, the refractive indexes were measured with an Abbe'srefractometer, and the angle dependence of retardation was alsomeasured. From the obtained data, nx (refractive index along the showaxis), ny (refractive index perpendicular to the slow axis) and nz(refractive index along the depth) were determined at 550 nm to findthat (nx−nz)/(nx−ny) was 1.50.

(Preparation of Touch Panel)

A glass plate (thickness: 0.7 mm) coated with a transparent electricallyconductive membrane of ITO (surface resistance of single surface: 800Ωper square) was prepared. Dot spacers of 1 mm were placed on thesurface, and silver electrodes were printed on both ends of the plate.Independently, on both ends of the above-prepared λ/4 plate having theconductive membrane, silver electrodes were also printed. Thethus-treated λ/4 plate and the above glass plate were laminated so thatthe conductive membranes might face to each other, and then a flexibleelectrode was provided. At the peripheral area of the gap between thelaminated substrates, an insulating adhesive was inserted in thethickness of 100 μm. Thus, a touch panel was prepared. On the λ/4 plateside of the touch panel, a polarizing plate having AR treated surfacewas laminated so that the transmission axis of the polarizing platemight be at the angle of 45° to the stretching direction (parallel tothe slow axis) of the λ/4 plate. Thus, a touch panel comprising a λ/4plate with a transparent electrically conductive membrane was produced.

(Preparation of Liquid Crystal Display of Reflection Type Equipped withTouch Panel)

A touch panel, a polarizing plate and a phase retarder were removed froma commercially available liquid crystal display of reflection typeequipped with a touch panel (Power Zaurus MI-Cl, Sharp Corporation). Inplace of the removed members, the touch panel prepared above wasinstalled.

The contrast ratio of the prepared liquid crystal display was measuredby means of a measuring apparatus (EZ-Contrast 160D, ELDIM), and therebyit was found that the front contrast ratio was 10:1. The viewing anglerange giving a contrast ratio of 2:1 was 120° or more in both vertical(up-downward) and horizontal (left-rightward) directions. It was alsofound that the display gave neutral gray without undesirable color inboth dark and bright images. The surface reflectance was 9.1%, whichindicated that the display reflected outer scenes little enough to beexcellent in recognizability. Also as an input unit, the displayexhibited good performance.

EXAMPLE 17

(Preparation of λ/4 Plate)

The procedure of Example 15 was repeated to prepare a λ/4 plate.

(Coating with Transparent Electrically Conductive Membrane) 1)Preparation of Silver Palladium Colloidal Dispersion

Solutions of 30% Fe^((II))SO₄.7H₂0 and 40% citric acid were prepared andmixed. While the mixed solution was kept at 20° C. and being stirred,another solution containing 10% silver nitrate and palladium nitrate(9/1, by molar ratio) was added at the rate of 200 ml/minute. Theresultant solution was repeatedly centrifuged and washed with water, andfinally pure water was added so that the colloidal content was 3 wt. %.Thus, a silver palladium colloidal dispersion was prepared. According toTEM observation, it was found that silver colloid particles in theobtained dispersion had sizes in the range of approx. 9 to 12 nm. Theratio between silver and palladium was also measured by ICP to be found9/1, which was the same as the ratio in the starting material.

2) Preparation of Silver Palladium Colloidal Coating Liquid

To 100 g of the above dispersion, isopropyl alcohol was added and mixedwith an ultrasonic disperser. The obtained liquid was filtrated througha polypropylene filter (porosity seize: 1 μm) to prepare a coatingliquid.

3) Preparation of Coating Liquid (L-1) for Overcoating

In a mixture of 38 g of methyl isopropyl ketone, 38 g of 2-butanol and19 g of methanol, 2 g of a mixture of dipentaerythritol pentaacrylateand dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate (DPHA, Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.), 80mg of a photopolymerization initiator (Irgacure 907, Ciba-Geigy) and 30mg of a sensitizer (Kayacure DETX, Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.) were addedand dissolved. After stirred for 30 minutes, the obtained mixture wasfiltrated through a polypropylene filter (porosity size: 1 μm) toprepare a coating liquid for overcoating.

4) Formation of Transparent Electrically Conductive Layer

The λ/4 plate was subjected to the corona discharge treatment, and thencoated with the above-prepared silver palladium colloidal coating liquidby means of a wire bar in the amount of 70 mg/m². The applied liquid wasdried at 40° C., and then sprayed with water supplied by a pump. Afterexcess water was removed with an air-knife, the plate was transferredthrough a heating zone at 120° C. for 5 minutes. The coating liquid(L-1) for overcoating was then applied, dried, treated at 120° C. for 2hours, and exposed to ultraviolet light to harden the formed layer(thickness: 80 nm).

The surface resistance on the formed conductive layer side of the platewas measured according to four-terminal method, to find 200Ω per square.The light transmittance was 71%.

(Preparation of Touch Panel)

A glass plate (thickness: 0.7 mm) in which one surface had the surfaceresistance of 5Ω per square and the other surface was coated with atransparent electrically conductive membrane of ITO (surface resistance:400Ω per square) was prepared. On the surface having the surfaceresistance of 5Ω per square, a polyimide orientation layer (SE-7992,Nissan Chemical Industries Ltd.) was formed and subjected to rubbingtreatment. On the other surface (surface resistance: 400Ω per square),dot spacers of 1 mm were placed and silver electrodes were printed onboth ends. Independently, on both ends of the above-prepared λ/4 platehaving the conductive membrane, silver electrodes were also printed. Thethus-treated λ/4 plate and the above glass plate were laminated so thatthe conductive membranes might face to each other. At the peripheralarea of the gap between the laminated substrates, an insulating adhesivewas inserted in the thickness of 100 μm. Thus, a touch panel wasprepared. On the λ/4 plate side of the touch panel, a polarizing platehaving AR treated surface was laminated so that the transmission axis ofthe polarizing plate might be at the angle of 45° to the stretchingdirection (parallel to the slow axis) of the λ/4 plate. Thus, a touchpanel was produced.

(Preparation of Liquid Crystal Display of Reflection Type)

A glass substrate equipped with an aluminum reflective electrode havinga finely roughed surface was prepared. On the electrode of the glasssubstrate, a polyimide orientation layer (SE-7992, Nissan ChemicalIndustries Ltd.) was formed and subjected to rubbing treatment. Thesubstrate and the above touch panel were laminated so that theorientation layers might face to each other, and a spacer of 3.4 μm wasinserted into a gap between them. The substrate and the touch panel wereplaced so that the rubbing directions of the orientation layers might becrossed at the angle of 110°. To the gap, a liquid crystal compound(MLC-6252, Merck) was injected to form a liquid crystal layer. Thus, aliquid crystal cell of TN mode (twisted angle: 700, Δnd: 269 nm) wasproduced. Thus, a liquid crystal display of reflection type equippedwith a touch panel was prepared.

To the thus-prepared display of reflection type, voltage of a squarewave 1 kHz was applied. The display was then observed with eyes, andthereby it was confirmed that an image of neutral gray was given withoutundesirable coloring in both white mode (1.5 V) and black mode (4.5 V).

The contrast ratio of reflection brightness was measured by means of ameter (EZ-Contrast 160D, ELDIM), and thereby it was found that the frontcontrast ratio was 25 and that the viewing angle giving the contrastratio of 2 was not less than 120° (up-downward) or not less than 120°(left-rightward).

It was also confirmed that the touch panel worked without any trouble.The surface reflectance was 8.9%, which indicated that the displayreflected outer scenes little enough to be excellent in recognizability.

COMPARISON EXAMPLE 5

(Preparation of λ/4 Plate)

At room temperature, 120 weight parts of cellulose acetate (averageacetic acid content: 59.7%), 1.2 weight parts of the followingretardation-increasing agent, 9.36 weight parts of triphenylenephosphate, 4.68 weight parts of biphenyldiphenyl phosphate, 2.0 weightparts of tribenzylamine, 538.2 weight parts of methylene chloride, and46.8 weight parts of methanol were mixed to prepare a solution (dope).(Retardation-Increasing Agent)

The prepared dope was cast onto a band made of stainless steel, anddried to let the formed film self-supporting. The thus-formed filmcontained a volatile content in the amount of 30 wt. %. After peeledfrom the band, the film was further dried at 120° C. for 15 minutes toreduce the volatile content to 2 wt. % or less. The film was thenstretched at 130° C. parallel to the casting direction while let freelyshrink perpendicularly. The stretched film was dried at 120° C. for 30minutes, to prepare a cellulose acetate film in which the solventremained in the amount of 0.1 wt. %.

The thus-prepared polymer film (λ/4 plate) had the thickness of 112 μm,and its retardation values were measured at 450 nm, 550 nm and 590 nm bymeans of an ellipsometer (M-150, JASCO CORPORATION) to find 71.3 nm,78.1 nm and 80.0 nm, respectively.

Further, the refractive indexes were measured with an Abbe'srefractometer, and the angle dependence of retardation was alsomeasured. From the obtained data, nx (refractive index along the showaxis), ny (refractive index perpendicular to the slow axis) and nz(refractive index along the depth) were determined at 550 nm to findthat (nx−nz)/(nx−ny) was 1.50.

(Formation of Transparent Electrically Conductive Membrane on λ/4 Plate)

The above-prepared λ/4 plate was subjected to sputtering in the samemanner as in Example 15, to form a transparent electrically conductivemembrane of In₂O₃ (thickness: 40 nm).

The surface resistance on the formed membrane side of the film wasmeasured according to four-terminal method, to find 204Ω per square. Thelight transmittance was 85%.

(Preparation of Touch Panel)

A glass plate (thickness: 0.7 mm) coated with a transparent electricallyconductive membrane of ITO (surface resistance of single surface: 800Ωper square) was prepared. Dot spacers of 1 mm were placed on thesurface, and silver electrodes were printed on both ends of the plate.Independently, on both ends of the above-prepared λ/4 plate having theconductive membrane, silver electrodes were also printed. Thethus-treated λ/4 plate and the above glass plate were laminated so thatthe conductive membranes might face to each other, and then a flexibleelectrode was provided. At the peripheral area of the gap between thelaminated substrates, an insulating adhesive was inserted in thethickness of 100 μm. Thus, a touch panel was prepared. On the λ/4 plateside of the touch panel, a polarizing plate having AR treated surfacewas laminated so that the transmission axis of the polarizing platemight be at the angle of 45° to the stretching direction (parallel tothe slow axis) of the λ/4 plate. Thus, a touch panel comprising a λ/4plate with a transparent electrically conductive membrane was produced.

(Preparation of Liquid Crystal Display of Reflection Type Equipped withTouch Panel)

A touch panel, a polarizing plate and a phase retarder were removed froma commercially available liquid crystal display of reflection typeequipped with a touch panel (Power Zaurus MI-Cl, Sharp Corporation). Inplace of the removed members, the touch panel prepared above wasinstalled.

The contrast ratio of the prepared liquid crystal display was measuredby means of a measuring apparatus (EZ-Contrast 160D, ELDIM), and therebyit was found that the front contrast ratio was 5:1. The viewing anglerange giving a contrast ratio of 2:1 was approx. 60° in both vertical(up-downward) and horizontal (left-rightward) directions. It was alsofound that the display gave undesirable bluish and reddish colors inbright and dark images, respectively. The touch panel worked without anytrouble. However, the surface reflectance was 19.1%, which indicatedthat the display considerably reflected outer scenes. Accordingly, theprepared display had poorer recognizability than those prepared inExamples.

1. A cellulose ester film comprising a compound represented by thefollowing formula (II):Ar¹-L¹-X-L³-Ar²   (II) in which each of Ar¹ and Ar² is independently anaromatic group; each of L² and L³ is independently a divalent linkinggroup selected from the group consisting of an alkylene group, —O—, —CO—and combinations thereof; and X is 1,4-cyclohexylene, vinylene orethynylene.
 2. The cellulose ester film as defined in claim 1, whereinthe compound represented by the formula (II) behaves as a liquidcrystal.
 3. The cellulose ester film as defined in claim 1, wherein thecompound represented by the formula (II) is a rod-shaped compound. 4.The cellulose ester film as defined in claim 1, wherein the celluloseester film is made of cellulose acetate.
 5. The cellulose ester film asdefined in claim 4, wherein the cellulose acetate has an acetic acidcontent in the range of 45.0 to 62.5%.
 6. The cellulose ester film asdefined in claim 1, wherein the cellulose ester film is a film stretchedby 3 to 100%.
 7. The cellulose ester film as defined in claim 1, whereina refractive index of nx along the slow axis in the film plane, arefractive index of ny in the direction perpendicular to the slow axisin the film plane and a refractive index of nz along the depth of thefilm satisfy a condition of 1≦(nx−nz)/(nx−ny)≦2.
 8. The cellulose esterfilm as defined in claim 1, wherein the compound represented by theformula (II) has a linear molecular structure.
 9. The cellulose esterfilm as defined in claim 1, wherein the cellulose ester film containsthe compound represented by the formula (II) in an amount of 0.01 to 20weight parts based on 100 weight parts of the cellulose ester film.